<i>West Nile virus</i>
            associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018

Silva, Aila Solimar Gonçalves; Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz; Cunha, Marcos Antônio Correia Rodrigues da; Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva; Galinari, Grazielle Conssenzo Florentino; Marcelino, Sóstenes Apolo Correia; Saraiva, Luís Henrique Gouvêa; Martins, Nélson Rodrigo da Silva; Maranhão, Renata de Pino Albuquerque; Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela; Pierezan, Felipe; Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho; Costa, Érica Azevedo

doi:10.1111/tbed.13043

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Interestingly, despite the presence of numerous bird species and mosquitoes which should allow for its maintenance, WNV is not frequently seen in central and South America. There have been no major outbreaks and reports are rare in humans and horses [52][53][54][55]. Possible causes may include cross-protection due to other circulating flaviviruses or a dilution effect on WNV due to high disease host diversity [56,57].…”

Section: The Virus and Its Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Byas

Ebel

2020

Pathogens

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West Nile virus (WNV) continues to be a major cause of human arboviral neuroinvasive disease. Susceptible non-human vertebrates are particularly diverse, ranging from commonly affected birds and horses to less commonly affected species such as alligators. This review summarizes the pathology caused by West Nile virus during natural infections of humans and non-human animals. While the most well-known findings in human infection involve the central nervous system, WNV can also cause significant lesions in the heart, kidneys and eyes. Time has also revealed chronic neurologic sequelae related to prior human WNV infection. Similarly, neurologic disease is a prominent manifestation of WNV infection in most non-human non-host animals. However, in some avian species, which serve as the vertebrate host for WNV maintenance in nature, severe systemic disease can occur, with neurologic, cardiac, intestinal and renal injury leading to death. The pathology seen in experimental animal models of West Nile virus infection and knowledge gains on viral pathogenesis derived from these animal models are also briefly discussed. A gap in the current literature exists regarding the relationship between the neurotropic nature of WNV in vertebrates, virus propagation and transmission in nature. This and other knowledge gaps, and future directions for research into WNV pathology, are addressed.

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Section: The Virus and Its Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 20% of infected horses develop clinical neurological signs [132]. Mortality in unvaccinated horses is between 30 and 50%, inclusive of both natural death and elective euthanasia [55,133]. Of equine survivors, remnant neurological signs are present in between 10-20% of horses [134].…”

Section: Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Byas

Ebel

2020

Pathogens

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“…WNV infection has been described in a donkey in the south of France with neurological signs, which showed a short period of remission, followed by severe liver failure [133]. The virus has already been identified in the central nervous system of symptomatic donkeys in Brazil, who had muscle tremors, dysphagia, anterior limb ataxia, lateral decubitus, and rowing movements in the first 24 h, followed by paralysis of the pelvic limbs, loss of sensation in the spine, and mandibular trismus [134]. In the USA, three mules with clinical signs and diagnosed with WNV survived, and none of them remained in decubitus in the course of the disease, while a donkey failed to recover [135].…”

Section: Flaviviral Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Câmara

Bueno

Resende

et al. 2020

Animals

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Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans.

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“…However, only the Argentinean report presented evidence for an equine neurological disease associated with the WNV 19 . Serological evidence of WNV infection in Brazilian horses and birds has been reported from animal sera collected since 2008 from the Central and Western Brazilian regions, particularly the Pantanal region [21][22][23][24] . Serological evidence of WNV circulation in Brazil outside of Pantanal was reported in 2013, namely in Paraiba State, suggesting that WNV was spreading towards the northeast part of the country 25 ; this spread was confirmed in 2014 with the description of the first human case of WNV infection.…”

Section: Serological Evidence Of Wnv Circulation In Animals In Southmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus infections are here! Are we prepared to face another flavivirus epidemic?

Castro-Jorge

Siconelli

Ribeiro

et al. 2019

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and Zika viruses, are a major threat to public health in countries like Brazil where biodiversity is high and medical care is sometimes precarious. West Nile fever is a disease caused by the West Nile Virus (WNV), an RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by infected mosquitoes to numerous animals like birds, reptiles and mammals, including human and non-human primates. In the last decade, the number of reported cases of WNV infection in humans and animals has increased in the Americas. Circulation of WNV in forests and rural areas in Brazil has been detected based on serological surveys and, in 2014, the first case of West Nile fever was confirmed in a patient from Piauí State. In 2018, the virus was isolated for the first time from a horse from a rural area in the state of Espírito Santo presenting with a neurological disorder; this raises the possibility that other cases of WNV encephalitis may have occurred without clinical recognition and without laboratory diagnosis by specific assays. The imminent WNV outbreak poses a challenge for Brazilian clinicians and researchers. In this review, we summarize the basic biological and ecological characteristics of this virus and the clinical presentation and treatment of febrile illnesses caused by WNV. We also discuss the epidemiological aspects, prophylaxis of WNV infections, and monitoring strategies that could be applied in the possibility of a WNV outbreak in Brazil.

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West Nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

West Nile virus infections are here! Are we prepared to face another flavivirus epidemic?

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