RESUMEN. Se analiza la dieta del pez espada en tres zonas de pesca en aguas oceánicas de Chile central durante el invierno de 2003, considerando como hipótesis que el tamaño de las presas se incrementa significativamente con el tamaño del depredador, conjuntamente con una disminución del número de presas. El estudio se realizó sobre la base de 48 estómagos de Xiphias gladius con contenido estomacal. Para su análisis se utilizó los descriptores cuantitativos de frecuencia de ocurrencia y método numérico. Se comparó la dieta entre las zonas de muestreo mediante la frecuencia de ocurrencia de las presas. Conjuntamente, se comparó la proporción de peces y cefalópodos, el número y el tamaño de los cefalópodos presas con el tamaño corporal del pez espada. En este estudio se encontró que X. gladius es un depredador principalmente teutófago y secundariamente piscívoro, siendo Dosidicus gigas la principal presa en dos de las tres zonas (F = 100 y 75%), y Onychoteuthis banksii en una de ellas (F = 71%). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las relaciones de número de presas con el tamaño corporal de X. gladius, y una baja correlación con el tamaño de las presas. La dieta de X. gladius varía solamente respecto de la zona de captura de los ejemplares, no siendo relevante el tamaño del depredador. El hábitat del depredador es uno de los factores más importantes a considerar en el estudio de su dieta, ya que sus variaciones afectan la dinámica poblacional de presas y depredadores.
Verificación de la edad y crecimiento de besugo Epigonus crassicaudus (de Buen, 1959) admitiendo error en la determinación de la edad Age verification and growth of the Chilean cardinalfish Epigonus crassicaudus (de Buen, 1959
Marine biota is redistributing at a rapid pace in response to climate change and shifting seascapes. While changes in fish populations and community structure threaten the sustainability of fisheries, our capacity to adapt by tracking and projecting marine species remains a challenge due to data discontinuities in biological observations, lack of data availability, and mismatch between data and real species distributions. To assess the extent of this challenge, we review the global status and accessibility of ongoing scientific bottom trawl surveys. In total, we gathered metadata for 283,925 samples from 95 surveys conducted regularly from 2001 to 2019. 59% of the metadata collected are not publicly available, highlighting that the availability of data is the most important challenge to assess species redistributions under global climate change. We further found that single surveys do not cover the full range of the main commercial demersal fish species and that an average of 18 surveys is needed to cover at least 50% of species ranges, demonstrating the importance of combining multiple surveys to evaluate species range shifts. We assess the potential for combining surveys to track transboundary species redistributions and show that differences in sampling schemes and inconsistency in sampling can be overcome with vector autoregressive spatio-temporal modeling to follow species density redistributions. In light of our global assessment, we establish a framework for improving the management and conservation of transboundary and migrating marine demersal species. We provide directions to improve data availability and encourage countries to share survey data, to assess species vulnerabilities, and to support management adaptation in a time of climate-driven ocean changes.
Increasing attention is paid to the interdependence between the ecological and human dimensions to improve the management of natural resources. Understanding how artisanal fishers see and use the common-pool resources in a co-management system may hold the clue to establishing effective coastal fisheries policies or strengthening existing ones. A more comprehensive planning of the system will also have a bearing on how to reduce conflicts and strengthen social networks. We surveyed artisanal fishers and decision-makers to determine their perceptions about the Management and Exploitation Areas of Benthic Resources (known as MEABR) in Chile’s Biobio region. We performed a field study from November 2018 to August 2019, applying a set of questionnaires to determine the ecological and human attributes that contribute to MEABR outcomes, and then constructed composite scores for those attributes according to a multidimensional scaling technique (“Rapfish”). We find that fishers have different perspectives: surprisingly, women highlighted that the institutional dimension was the most influential on MEABR performance, whereas men highlighted the ecological and economic outcomes. The decision-makers’ role in the MEABR system was considered adequate, but communication and socialization of regulations were irregular. Results also showed that fishers expressed dissatisfaction with illegal fishing practices (poaching), productivity, profits, and conflicts inside and outside the MEABRs. Our study allowed us to better understand how the MEABR has developed in the region. We recommend strengthening local management strategies with particular attention paid to networking among stakeholders, including gender inclusive relationships.
Selectividad por tamaño en merluza común (Merluccius gayi gayi)Ursin y los coeficientes de selectividad por tamaño a la edad se calcularon para la propia merluza común (canibalismo), los galatheidos langostino colorado (Pleuroncodes monodon) y langostino amarillo (Cervimunida johni), y los clupeiformes sardina común (Strangomera bentincki) y anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), y otras presas en conjunto. Se confirma que a medida que la merluza crece tiende a consumir presas de mayor tamaño, y que la merluza de más de 2 años tiene preferencia por la fracción juvenil de 0 a 4 años (canibalismo), por anchovetas de 0 y 1 año de edad, y langostinos de grupo de 0 y 1 año de edad. La merluza de más de 4 años presenta igual preferencia por langostino colorado y amarillo de más de 2 años de edad. Otras presas tienen altos coeficientes de selección por los grupos de edad 0 a 4 del predador, las que están representadas principalmente por zooplancton (eufáusidos) y mictófidos. Los coeficientes de selección aquí calculados constituyen una base cuantitativa para avanzar en modelos de evaluación multiespecífico que permitan cuantificar el impacto trófico de merluza común sobre especies de importancia comercial del sistema bento-demersal y pelágico de la zona centro-sur de Chile.Palabras clave: contenido estomacal, predación, coeficientes de conveniencia, índice de selectividad de tamaño, merluza común, Chile central.
Size-based prey selectivity in South Pacific hake (Merluccius gayi gayi), central-southern Chile (1992-1997)ABSTRACT. Size-based prey selectivity in Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) is analyzed using a data base of stomach contents collected from 1992 to 1997. The Ursin prey selectivity index and the size-based selectivity coefficients were calculated by age for the Chilean hake (cannibalism); the galatheids squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) and yellow squat lobster (Cervimunida johni); the clupeiforms common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) and anchovy (Engraulis ringens); and other combined prey. Hake are confirmed to consume larger prey as they grow and individuals over two years of age show a preference for the young fraction of the hake population (0-4 years; cannibalism), anchovy (0-1 year), and lobster (0-1 year). Hake over four years of age also prefer squat lobster and yellow squat lobster (> 2 years). High selection coefficients are found for the remaining prey, mostly zooplankton (euphausids) and myctophids, with predators from 0 to 4 years. The selection coefficients calculated herein constitute a quantitative basis for improving multispecific evaluation models that allow the quantification of the trophic impact of Chilean hake on commercially important species of the benthic-demersal and pelagic system off central-southern Chile.
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