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Although most people acknowledge the moral virtue in sacrificing oneself to save others, few actually endorse self-sacrifice. Seven experiments explored the cognitive and emotional mechanisms that underlie such endorsements. Participants responded to 1 of 2 moral dilemmas in which they could save 5 members of their country only by sacrificing themselves. Over 90% of participants acknowledged that the moral course of action was to sacrifice oneself to save others (Experiment 1), yet only those who were strongly fused with the group preferentially endorsed self-sacrifice (Experiments 2-7). The presence of a concern with saving group members rather than the absence of a concern with self-preservation motivated strongly fused participants to endorse sacrificing themselves for the group (Experiment 3). Analyses of think aloud protocols suggested that saving others was motivated by emotional engagement with the group among strongly fused participants but by utilitarian concerns among weakly fused participants (Experiment 4). Hurrying participants' responses increased self-sacrifice among strongly fused participants but decreased self-sacrifice among weakly fused participants (Experiment 5). Priming the personal self increased endorsement of self-sacrifice among strongly fused participants but further reduced endorsement of self-sacrifice among weakly fused participants (Experiment 6). Strongly fused participants ignored utilitarian considerations, but weakly fused persons endorsed self-sacrifice more when it would save more people (Experiment 7). Apparently, the emotional engagement with the group experienced by strongly fused persons overrides the desire for self-preservation and compels them to translate their moral beliefs into self-sacrificial behavior.

Just a decade ago, two psychologists, Swann, and Gómez, developed a new theoretical framework to explain extreme pro-group behaviors: identity fusion theory. Identity fusion refers to a visceral feeling of oneness with a group that motivates individuals to do extraordinary self-sacrifices on behalf of the group or each of its members. Since the formulation of the theory, interdisciplinary researchers of the five continents have conducted dozens of studies on identity fusion, both in laboratory and field settings. Research has deepened into the causes, consequences, underlying mechanisms, and applications of identity fusion. The development of fusion-based research has been steadfast and very prolific. Hence, the first section of the current manuscript includes an updated overview of this fast growing literature. This increasing interest for the theory has, however, been accompanied by a series of misconceptions and untested research assumptions, which we address in the second and third sections of the paper, concluding with a final section suggesting a future research agenda. Our aim is to help those interested in knowing more about identity fusion or about the causal mechanisms that lead individuals to risk their life and personal well-being for a group discarding common misconceptions as well as formulating more precise and nuanced hypotheses for future research.

ResumenEste trabajo pretende aplicar y ampliar el Modelo del Contenido de los Estereotipos (MCE) en España, con el fin de conocer los estereotipos de una muestra de españoles sobre los tres principales grupos de inmigrantes en dicho país. Se incluyó la moralidad y la sociabilidad como dimensiones separadas, frente a la dimensión unitaria de calidez. Los participantes evaluaron a marroquíes (N = 140), rumanos (N = 134) y ecuatorianos (N = 139) en diferentes características (estereotipos), así como en el estatus y la competición con las que los percibían. Un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio reveló que el modelo formado por tres dimensiones presentaba un mejor ajuste que otros modelos más sencillos, confirmando que moralidad, sociabilidad y competencia son dimensiones diferentes en la percepción exogrupal. Los resultados se discuten abordando la utilidad del MCE, considerando la dimensión de moralidad, y la ambivalencia de los estereotipos hacia diferentes grupos inmigrantes. Palabras clave: Actitudes estereotipadas, inmigración, Modelo Contenido Estereotipos, moralidad. Abstract This work aimed to apply and extend the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) in Spain, in order to identify Spanish participants' stereotypes about the three main immigrant groups in the country. This survey included morality and sociability as separate dimensions, instead of the unified warmth dimension. Participants assessed Moroccans (N = 140), Romanians (N = 134), and Ecuadorians (N = 139) on different traits (stereotypes), as well as the status and competitionwith which immigrants were perceived. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the three-factor model fitted the data better than more parsimonious models. It confirmed that morality, sociability, and competence were distinct out-group dimensions. The results are discussed on the basis of the utility of the amplified SCM in Spain, highlighting the morality dimension, and the mixed stereotypes towards different immigrant groups.

Many societies are becoming increasingly unequal, especially after the Great Recession. This is occurring despite the evidence showing that economic inequality

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ABSTRACT:We studied 34 Spanish children with hypomelanosis of Ito. This disease has an incidence of 1 per 1000 new patients consulting a paediatric neurological service, or 1 per 8000-10,000 unselected patients in a children's hospital. About 94% of our patients show noncutaneous abnormalities. Mental retardation (IQ below 70) was present in 64.7%; another 14.7% had an IQ between 70 and 90, usually associated with poor school performance. Four children exhibited autistic behaviour. Seizures of various types were present in 53% of cases. Other skin alterations in addition to the typical hypomelanosis were observed in 38% of our cases: caf6-au-lait spots, angiomatous nevi, nevus marmorata, nevus of Ota, Mongolian blue spot, heterochromia of the iris or hair, and other nonspecific pigmentations. Other associated disorders occur inconsistently and include macrocephaly, microcephaly, h6mihypertrophy, kyphoscoliosis, coarse facial features, genital anomalies, inguinal hernia, congenital heart disease, hypertelorism, and abnormalities of the teeth, feet and eyes. Autosomal dominant inheritance is demonstrated in some but not all cases.