The worldwide spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019 has posed a severe threat to individuals’ well-being. While the world at large is waiting that the released vaccines immunize most citizens, public health experts suggest that, in the meantime, it is only through behavior change that the spread of COVID-19 can be controlled. Importantly, the required behaviors are aimed not only at safeguarding one’s own health. Instead, individuals are asked to adapt their behaviors to protect the community at large. This raises the question of which social concerns and moral principles make people willing to do so. We considered in 23 countries (N = 6948) individuals’ willingness to engage in prescribed and discretionary behaviors, as well as country-level and individual-level factors that might drive such behavioral intentions. Results from multilevel multiple regressions, with country as the nesting variable, showed that publicized number of infections were not significantly related to individual intentions to comply with the prescribed measures and intentions to engage in discretionary prosocial behaviors. Instead, psychological differences in terms of trust in government, citizens, and in particular toward science predicted individuals’ behavioral intentions across countries. The more people endorsed moral principles of fairness and care (vs. loyalty and authority), the more they were inclined to report trust in science, which, in turn, statistically predicted prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions. Results have implications for the type of intervention and public communication strategies that should be most effective to induce the behavioral changes that are needed to control the COVID-19 outbreak.

Aim To address the relative role of adjacent land use, distance to forest edge, forest size and their interactions on understorey plant species richness and composition in perimetropolitan forests.Location The metropolitan area of Barcelona, north-eastern Spain.Methods Twenty sampling sites were distributed in two forest size-categories: small forest patches (8 -90 ha) and large forest areas (> 18,000 ha). For each forest-size category, five sites were placed adjacent to crops and five sites adjacent to urban areas. Vascular plant species were recorded and human frequentation was scored visually in 210 10 × 10 m plots placed at 10, 50 and 100 m from the forest edge, and additionally at 500 m in large forest areas. Plant species were grouped according to their ecology and rarity categories. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination was carried out to detect patterns of variation in species assemblage, and to explore the relationships between these patterns and the richness of the species groups and the studied factors. Factorial  were used to test the significance of the studied factors on the richness of species groups. Relationships between human frequentation and the studied variables were assessed through contingency tables. ResultsForest-size category was the main factor affecting synanthropic species (i.e. those thriving in man-made or man-disturbed habitats). Synanthropic species richness decreased with increasing distance from the forest edge and, when forests were adjacent to crops, it was higher in small forest patches than in large forest areas. Richness of rare forest species was lower in small forest patches than in large forest areas when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Richness of common forest species and of all forest species together were higher close to the forest edge than far from it when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Forests adjacent to urban areas were more likely to experience high human frequentation, particularly in those plots nearest to the forest edge.Main conclusions Forest-size category and adjacent land use were the most important factors determining species richness and composition. The preservation of large forests adjacent to crops in peri-urban areas is recommended, because they are less frequented by humans, are better buffered against the percolation of nonforest species and could favour the persistence of rare forest species. KeywordsAdjacent land use, distance to the forest edge, forest fragmentation, forest size, Mediterranean, metropolitan areas, species richness.

ResumenEste trabajo pretende aplicar y ampliar el Modelo del Contenido de los Estereotipos (MCE) en España, con el fin de conocer los estereotipos de una muestra de españoles sobre los tres principales grupos de inmigrantes en dicho país. Se incluyó la moralidad y la sociabilidad como dimensiones separadas, frente a la dimensión unitaria de calidez. Los participantes evaluaron a marroquíes (N = 140), rumanos (N = 134) y ecuatorianos (N = 139) en diferentes características (estereotipos), así como en el estatus y la competición con las que los percibían. Un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio reveló que el modelo formado por tres dimensiones presentaba un mejor ajuste que otros modelos más sencillos, confirmando que moralidad, sociabilidad y competencia son dimensiones diferentes en la percepción exogrupal. Los resultados se discuten abordando la utilidad del MCE, considerando la dimensión de moralidad, y la ambivalencia de los estereotipos hacia diferentes grupos inmigrantes. Palabras clave: Actitudes estereotipadas, inmigración, Modelo Contenido Estereotipos, moralidad. Abstract This work aimed to apply and extend the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) in Spain, in order to identify Spanish participants' stereotypes about the three main immigrant groups in the country. This survey included morality and sociability as separate dimensions, instead of the unified warmth dimension. Participants assessed Moroccans (N = 140), Romanians (N = 134), and Ecuadorians (N = 139) on different traits (stereotypes), as well as the status and competitionwith which immigrants were perceived. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the three-factor model fitted the data better than more parsimonious models. It confirmed that morality, sociability, and competence were distinct out-group dimensions. The results are discussed on the basis of the utility of the amplified SCM in Spain, highlighting the morality dimension, and the mixed stereotypes towards different immigrant groups.

Previous research on the common ingroup identity model has focused on how one's representations of members of the ingroup and outgroup influence intergroup attitudes. Two studies reported here investigated how learning how others, ingroup or outgroup members, conceive of the groups within a superordinate category affects intergroup bias and willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Across both studies, high school students who learned that other ingroup members categorized students at both schools within the common identity of "students" showed less intergroup bias in evaluations and greater willingness for contact. However, consistent with the hypothesized effects of identity threat, when participants read that outgroup members saw the groups within the superordinate category, they exhibited a relatively negative orientation, except when ingroup members also endorsed a superordinate identity (Study 1). This result occurred even when the relative status of the groups was manipulated (Study 2).