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This study aims to determine the potential of using virtual reality as a learning tool for teachers, especially at Vocational High Schools. This research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Descriptive analysis aims to reveal an objective picture of the conditions in the subject under study. Descriptive quantification seeks to describe an object using numerical data. In addition, verbal/qualitative descriptions of targets are also carried out through in-depth and detailed studies of organizations or certain phenomena through observation or analysis to generate data. The implementation of Virtual Reality-based learning has been systematic, following the design, development/production, utilization, and management and evaluation models. The stages that have not been implemented are developing a learning system integrated with virtual reality models, using virtual reality as a system, managing information systems, and evaluating the effectiveness of implementing virtual reality-based learning. In addition, there are several obstacles, including: 1) The limited quantity and quality of resources that include professionals, specialists, and technicians in the use of virtual reality-based learning; 2) Not all teachers are enthusiastic and motivated, especially older teachers, to apply virtual reality-based learning concerning improving the quality of learning; 3) Not all schools have the necessary infrastructure for optimal implementation of virtual reality (such as multimedia classrooms), there are no buildings or spaces to manage the development of virtual learning in vocational Schools; and 4) The high cost of official/original software is an obstacle for the development and production of virtual reality programs.

This study aimed to determine the managerial ability, the suitability of educational background and the suitability with the position, achievement motivation, and satisfaction of the job allowance received by female leaders in Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) Environment. This research is quantitative descriptive research. The populations were all women who occupy structural positions and other positions in Universitas Negeri Makassar amount to 93 people. Data collection techniques were Questionnaire and Documentation. Technique of data analysis was descriptive statistics, with narration and percentage as the form of data presentation. The result of the research shows that (1) The motivation achievement of officials in UNM was influenced by the factors: responsibility, leadership support, working atmosphere, and facilities that can be utilized in working. (2) Job satisfaction of officials at UNM was influenced by several things: salary, facilities, colleagues, working atmosphere, leadership support, and career development opportunities. And (3) also found that the dominant leaders in Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) were male rather than female. Based on the research conducted on Image of Female Leaders in Universitas Negeri Makassar Environment, the researchers put forward the suggestion that it was necessary to provide the same opportunities as women to become leaders in the scope of Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM).

The focus of this study is to analyze whether there are differences in the difficulty index of items if the same items are displayed with the Paper Based Test (PBT) model and the Computer-Based Testing (CBT) model. The PBT and CBT models have the same paradigm of measuring estimated abilities but have differences in the context and feel aspects. These differences include the number of items in the range of eyesight, use of tools, how to work on items, basic knowledge needs about computer operations, and habit factors. These differences can affect the results of estimating the ability of test participants. This study uses development methods and quantitative methods. Development methods are used to develop package items and CBT software. Two groups of respondents were used with equal ability to work on the same question package. One group uses the PBT model, and the other group uses CBT so that the response choices are obtained in each test model. The results of the respondent’s answer choices were then analyzed by the ITEMAN software to get the item difficulty index. The item difficulty index of each model was tested statistically using SPSS software, whether there was a significant average difference between the two test models. From the results of the study and analysis in classical theory, it can be concluded that statistically there are differences in the average difficulty index of the items if the same item is displayed with the PBT and CBT models. It was found that the items displayed with the PBT model had a more difficult tendency than when displayed with the CBT model.