Thermocouple models vary in reliability and validity. Scientists should test and report the uncertainty of their equipment rather than depending on manufactures' claims.
Skinfold thickness at common cryotherapy treatment sites varied based on level of physical activity and sex. Therefore, clinicians should measure skinfold thickness to determine an appropriate cryotherapy duration.
To investigate the role desmin may play in muscular adaptation to exercise, we measured desmin protein content in the vastus lateralis muscle of seven untrained men in response to 8 weeks of high-intensity cycle training. Training involved 15-s sprints separated by rest for 5 min. Subjects began with four sprints twice per week, and progressed to six sprints three times per week. Peak power was measured before and after training with a 30-s maximal sprint test. Mean power during the first 15 s increased significantly after training (P < 0.05). Desmin and actin protein levels were determined by immunoblotting, from pretraining and posttraining muscle biopsies. Desmin protein levels were increased by 60% after training (P < 0.01), whereas actin protein levels did not change with training. We conclude that the cytoskeletal protein desmin increases in response to a high-tension, concentric-only load consequent to sprint training. Desmin appears to increase as the force generating capacity of the muscle increases. A reinforced desmin cytoskeleton may be necessary for increased force generation by the muscle.
Context: Thermocouples and electrothermometers are used in therapeutic modality research. Until recently, researchers assumed that these instruments were valid and reliable.Objective: To examine 3 different thermocouple types in 56C, 156C, 18.46C, 256C, and 356C water baths.Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Therapeutic modality laboratory. Intervention(s): Eighteen thermocouple leads were inserted through the wall of a foamed polystyrene cooler. The cooler was filled with water. Six thermocouples (2 of each model) were plugged into the 6 channels of the Datalogger and 6 randomly selected channels in the 2 Iso-Thermexes. A mercury thermometer was immersed into the water and was read every 10 seconds for 4 minutes during each of 6 trials. The entire process was repeated for each of 5 water bath temperatures (56C, 156C, 18.46C, 256C, 356C).Main Outcome Measure(s): Temperature and absolute temperature differences among 3 thermocouple types (IT-21, IT-18, PT-6) and 3 electrothermometers (Datalogger, IsoThermex calibrated from 2506C to 506C, Iso-Thermex calibrated from 2206C to 806C).Results: Validity and reliability were dependent on thermocouple type, electrothermometer, and water bath temperature (P , .001; modified Levene P , .05). Statistically, the IT-18 and PT-6 thermocouples were not reliable in each electrothermometer; however, these differences were not practically different from each other. The PT-6 thermocouples were more valid than the IT-18s, and both thermocouple types were more valid than the IT-21s, regardless of water bath temperature (P , .001).Conclusions: The validity and reliability of thermocouples interfaced to an electrothermometer under experimental conditions should be tested before data collection. We also recommend that investigators report the validity, the reliability, and the calculated uncertainty (validity + reliability) of their temperature measurements for therapeutic modalities research. With this information, investigators and clinicians will be better able to interpret and compare results and conclusions.Key Words: reliability, validity, uncertainty Key Points N The validity, reliability, and uncertainty of temperature measurement depended on the thermocouple and electrothermometer type.N Extreme water bath temperatures decreased the validity, reliability, and uncertainty of temperature measurement. N Small-diameter thermocouples were more uncertain and less valid and reliable than large-diameter thermocouples, especially at extreme water bath temperatures.N Thermocouples interfaced with Iso-Thermex electrothermometers provided more-valid, more-reliable, and lower uncertainty values than those interfaced with the Datalogger electrothermometer.N Researchers should measure and report the validity, reliability, and calculated uncertainty of temperature measurements so readers can better compare studies.T hermocouples and electrothermometers are instruments used to measure tissue temperature during therapeutic modality research. Until recently, investigators assumed that ...
Many types of rehabilitation exercises are used to reestablish lower extremity neuromuscular function and strength following ankle injuries. It has not been established which exercise induces the greatest leg muscle activity, which might allow patients to recover more quickly from their injuries. The purpose of this investigation was to establish which exercises induce the most muscle activity in the medial gastrocnemius (MG), peroneus longus (PL), and tibialis anterior (TA), as measured by integrated electromyography (I-EMG). Participants (N= 24, age = 22 ± .59, mass = 63.5 ± 2.1 kg, ht = 165.7 ± 1.2 cm) conducted five repetitions of each of four exercise conditions for 30 s: one-legged stance (OLS), OLS on trampoline (OLST), T-Band kicks (TBK), and OLS perturbations (OLSP). It was found that the TBK exercise induces greater I-EMG in all three muscles, the OLST exercise stimulates more I-EMG activity in the MG and TA, and the OLSP exercise induces greater I-EMG activity in the TA.
Context: While sports medicine study abroad opportunities have recently increased, the literature regarding their development is non-existent in athletic training education literature and very limited in general education literature. Objective: The purpose of this manuscript is to draw upon my experience to describe the essential design elements that must be considered when planning and executing a short-term, faculty-led study abroad program. Background: Faculty-led sports medicine study abroad experiences have become more common in the last 10 years. And while a number of these educational opportunities have been offered specifically to athletic training students, there is little literature devoted to their creation. Description: I will describe how a short-term faculty-led study abroad program was developed, some of its essential elements, and other pertinent information gleaned during the experience. Clinical Advantage(s): Faculty-led sports medicine study abroad programs can provide athletic training students with a unique academic opportunity for a multicultural experience without disrupting their academic progress with a semester abroad. Conclusion: Developing a field study involves more than creating an itinerary and a budget. Short-term study abroad opportunities can provide an avenue for multicultural education; however, educational best practices need to be developed and shared.
Study Design: Prospective, randomized, crossover design. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, the ABC Warme-Pflaster, and the ThermaCare HeatWrap on skin and paraspinal muscle temperature. Also, to compare the subjects' heat perception for the 3 products. Background: Heat therapy is a common treatment for low back pain and disability. There are a number of products on the market that are suggested to relieve low back pain by providing warmth to the back; however, their effectiveness for increasing tissue temperature compared with heat sensation has not been tested. Methods and Measures:To measure paraspinal muscle temperature, 1 thermocouple monofilament was inserted into the paraspinal muscle 2 cm from the skin surface at the L3 level using a 20-gauge 1.25-in (3.15-cm) sterile catheter. To measure skin interface temperature, 2 thermocouples were placed on the skin at distances of 5 cm and 7 cm from the insertion site. The Isothermex was used to record temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C for 120 minutes. The subjects also rated heat perception using a 10-cm visual analog scale at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Analysis of covariance models were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was a significant product × time interaction (F 14,231 = 3.77, P Ͻ.0001) at the intramuscular site, but there was not a significant product × time interaction (F 14,231 = 1.03, P = .4228) at the skin site. Both the main effects for product (F 2,33 = 41.59, P Ͻ.0001) and time (F 3,51 = 19.02, P Ͻ.0001) were significant for the visual analog scale data. The ThermaCare HeatWrap produced significant increases in both skin and intramuscular temperatures with less heat sensation. The Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster and the ABC Warme-Pflaster increased temperature at the skin surface and provided the greatest heat sensations, but they did not provide intramuscular heat. Conclusions: The ThermaCare HeatWrap is more effective at increasing temperature at a 2-cm depth with less perceived heat compared to the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster and the ABC Warme-Pflaster. The latter 2 products provide a sensation of heat but do not actually provide a muscle temperature change at a depth of 2 cm.
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