The relationship between intramuscular temperature, skin temperature, and adipose thickness during cryotherapy and rewarming

Jutte, Lisa S.; Merrick, Mark A.; Ingersoll, Christopher D.; Edwards, Jeffrey E.

doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.23195

Cited by 118 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Temperatures were monitored and recorded every 30 seconds for a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period. Although other researchers have used only a 2-minute to 5-minute baseline 9,11,[18][19][20] or have required participants to remain at rest for 15 minutes before a short baseline period, 12 we found during pilot testing that cutaneous and intramuscular temperatures continued to decrease at rest for several minutes before reaching a steady temperature around 15 minutes. Thus, we used a 20-minute baseline to ensure that all temperatures had reached a steady state.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…9 For both measurement locations and all treatments, we observed temperature changes similar to those reported by other researchers during cubed-ice and crushed-ice application. 8,[12][13][14][15] When examining surface temperature, we found that, after the 20-minute treatment period, wetted ice had produced a lower mean temperature (13.36C) than cubed ice (16.36C) or crushed ice (15.96C). From baseline to the end of the treatment period, the total change in temperature was 17.06C for wetted ice, 14.16C for cubed ice, and 15.06C for crushed ice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…3 Investigators have also shown that it decreases edema, 4 nerve conduction velocities, 5 cellular metabolism, 6 and local blood flow. 2 Researchers have studied the thermal effects of many methods of cold application by specifically looking at cutaneous and intramuscular tissue temperature change, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] the relationship between temperature change and the depth of the targeted tissue, 7 and the type of cold application used. 8,9,11,13,14 Researchers agree on the physiologic effects of cold therapy and concur that cold agents that pass through a phase change (from solid to liquid) while cooling are generally more effective than those that do not.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Cubed Ice, Crushed Ice, and Wetted Ice on Intramuscular and Surface Temperature Changes

Dykstra

Hill

Miller

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold application.Objective: To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.Design: Repeated-measures counterbalanced design. Setting: Human performance research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) with no history of musculoskeletal disease and no known preexisting inflammatory conditions or recent orthopaedic injuries to the lower extremities.Intervention(s): Ice packs made with cubed, crushed, or wetted ice were applied to a standardized area on the posterior aspect of the right gastrocnemius for 20 minutes. Each participant was given separate ice pack treatments, with at least 4 days between treatment sessions.Main Outcome Measure(s): Cutaneous and intramuscular (2 cm plus one-half skinfold measurement) temperatures of the right gastrocnemius were measured every 30 seconds during a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period.Results: Differences were observed among all treatments. Compared with the crushed-ice treatment, the cubed-ice and wetted-ice treatments produced lower surface and intramuscular temperatures. Wetted ice produced the greatest overall temperature change during treatment and recovery, and crushed ice produced the smallest change.Conclusions: As administered in our protocol, wetted ice was superior to cubed or crushed ice at reducing surface temperatures, whereas both cubed ice and wetted ice were superior to crushed ice at reducing intramuscular temperatures.Key Words: ice pack, cryotherapy, gastrocnemius muscle Key Points N Wetted ice was more effective than cubed ice and crushed ice in lowering surface temperature during treatment and maintaining the lower temperature during recovery.N Wetted ice and cubed ice were more effective than crushed ice in lowering intramuscular temperature during treatment and maintaining the lower temperatures during recovery.N Compared with cubed ice, crushed ice was more effective in lowering surface temperature during treatment but was less effective in maintaining the lower temperature during recovery.N A wetted-ice pack (ie, premade ice pack that has begun to melt) may be more effective than a freshly made ice pack and may be a better clinical choice than cubed-ice or crushed-ice packs for treating injuries and rapidly inducing analgesia after an injury occurs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Cubed Ice, Crushed Ice, and Wetted Ice on Intramuscular and Surface Temperature Changes

Dykstra

Hill

Miller

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Several studies 8,[10][11][12] have compared the effectiveness of these modalities by measuring skin temperature, assuming that changes in skin temperature are closely related to subcutaneous and intramuscular temperature changes. However, it has also been reported that this assumption is not entirely correct since skin temperature does not adequately represent changes in deeper tissues or cooling efficiency; skin temperature decreases faster and at a greater magnitude than muscle temperature 34,35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects

Herrera¹,

Sandoval²,

Camargo³

et al. 2011

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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© Revista Brasileira de FisioterapiaEffect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects Efeito da marcha e do repouso após aplicação de três protocolos de crioterapia na recuperação da velocidade de condução sensorial e motora em sujeitos saudáveis Esperanza Herrera 1 , Maria Cristina Sandoval 1 , Diana M. Camargo 1 , Tania F. Salvini 2 AbstractBackground: Different cryotherapy modalities have distinct effects on sensory and motor nerve conduction parameters. However, it is unclear how these parameters change during the post-cooling period and how the exercise carried out in this period would influence the recovery of nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Objectives: To compare the effects of three cryotherapy modalities on post-cooling NCV and to analyze the effect of walking on the recovery of sensory and motor NCV. Methods: Thirty six healthy young subjects were randomly allocated into three groups: ice massage (n=12), ice pack (n=12) and cold water immersion (n=12). The modalities were applied to the right leg. The subjects of each modality group were again randomized to perform a post-cooling activity: a) 30min rest, b) walking 15 min followed by 15 min rest. The NCV of sural (sensory) and posterior tibial (motor) nerves was evaluated. Initial (pre-cooling) and final (30 min post-cooling) NCV were compared using a paired t-test. The effects of the modalities and the post-cooling activities on NCV were evaluated by an analysis of covariance. The significance level was α=0.05. Results: There was a significant difference between immersion and ice massage on final sensory NCV (p=0.009). Ice pack and ice massage showed similar effects (p>0.05). Walking accelerated the recovery of sensory and motor NCV, regardless of the modality previously applied (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Cold water immersion was the most effective modality for maintaining reduced sensory nerve conduction after cooling. Walking after cooling, with any of the three modalities, enhances the recovery of sensory and motor NCV.Keywords: cryotherapy; cold therapy; nerve conduction; cooling agents; sural nerve; tibial nerve. ResumoContextualização: Diferentes protocolos de crioterapia têm ação distinta nos parâmetros de condução neural sensorial e motora. No entanto, não se sabe como é o comportamento desses parâmetros no período pós-resfriamento e como o exercício físico realizado nesse período atuaria na recuperação da velocidade de condução nervosa (VCN). Objetivos: Comparar o efeito de três protocolos de crioterapia na VCN pós-resfriamento e analisar o efeito da marcha pós-resfriamento na recuperação da VCN sensorial e motora.Métodos: Trinta e seis sujeitos jovens e saudáveis foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: criomassagem (n=12), pacote de gelo (n=12); imersão em água gelada (n=12). As modalidades foram aplicadas na perna direita. Os sujeitos de cada grupo foram novamente aleatorizados para realizar uma atividade pós-resfriamento: a) 30 min de rep...

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“…Due to the cryotherapy clinical importance added to other factors such as tissue thickness and thermoregulation in different life stages can influence on the temperature alterations 16 , further studies which use populations with age extremes and pathological alterations should still carried out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variação de temperatura do músculo quadríceps femoral exposto a duas modalidades de crioterapia por meio de termografia

Carvalho

Medeiros

Souza

et al. 2012

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: Cryotherapy is any form of therapeutic application of cold which decreases the temperature of tissues. Objective: To compare the variations in surface temperature of the quadriceps muscle at three different times when exposed to two forms of cryotherapy: ice bags or bags containing a mixture of ice and water. Material and Methods: The study involved 18 subjects, aged between 18 and 25 years, of both sexes. In each volunteer, ice cryotherapy on the left thigh and a mixture of ice and water on the right thigh was simultaneously applied for 15 minutes to the quadriceps femoris region. The temperature was measured by a thermograph and the following moments were recorded: before cryotherapy, immediately and 5 and 30 minutes after removal of the modality of cryotherapy. Results: Both cryotherapy methods were effective to decrease the temperature of the quadriceps and the mixture of ice and water was able to induce a lower temperature compared to the modality which used ice only. The cooling for both modalities lasted for at least 15 minutes after the removal of ice and surface temperature had been restored at pre application 30 minutes after removal. Conclusion: Both methods promoted a reduction in temperature that lasted at least 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the with drawal the temperature was reestablished to normal levels. However, the mixture of ice and water produced cooling more remarkable than the ice alone.

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The relationship between intramuscular temperature, skin temperature, and adipose thickness during cryotherapy and rewarming

Cited by 118 publications

References 12 publications

Comparisons of Cubed Ice, Crushed Ice, and Wetted Ice on Intramuscular and Surface Temperature Changes

Comparisons of Cubed Ice, Crushed Ice, and Wetted Ice on Intramuscular and Surface Temperature Changes

Effect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects

Variação de temperatura do músculo quadríceps femoral exposto a duas modalidades de crioterapia por meio de termografia

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