All 3 modalities were effective in reducing skin temperature and changing sensory conduction at a physiological level that is sufficient to induce a hypoalgesic effect. The results suggest that cold water immersion, as applied in this study, is the most indicated modality for inducing therapeutic effects associated with the reduction of motor nerve conduction.

The natural habitat of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), remains unknown. This study is aimed at establishing associations between the ecological variables present in all Colombian municipalities and the incidence of PCM. Records of 940 patients were studied and several ecological variables analysed, as well as their association to amount of patients per total rural population in each municipality, determined through a multivariate analysis. All 940 patients came from 216 municipalities (20-3%), out of which, 93 were birthplace and place of long-term residence for 121 patients. The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was determined for these 93 municipalities. The following variables fitted the model: altitude from 1,000 to 1,499 metres above sea level (IRR = 6.37), rainfall from 2000 to 2999 mm (IRR = 2.15), presence of humid forests (Holdridge) (IRR = 1.79) and coffee (IRR = 1.95), tobacco (IRR = 3.59) crops. These results indicate that these municipalities constitute reservareas for P. brasiliensis (Borelli).

© Revista Brasileira de FisioterapiaEffect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects Efeito da marcha e do repouso após aplicação de três protocolos de crioterapia na recuperação da velocidade de condução sensorial e motora em sujeitos saudáveis Esperanza Herrera 1 , Maria Cristina Sandoval 1 , Diana M. Camargo 1 , Tania F. Salvini 2 AbstractBackground: Different cryotherapy modalities have distinct effects on sensory and motor nerve conduction parameters. However, it is unclear how these parameters change during the post-cooling period and how the exercise carried out in this period would influence the recovery of nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Objectives: To compare the effects of three cryotherapy modalities on post-cooling NCV and to analyze the effect of walking on the recovery of sensory and motor NCV. Methods: Thirty six healthy young subjects were randomly allocated into three groups: ice massage (n=12), ice pack (n=12) and cold water immersion (n=12). The modalities were applied to the right leg. The subjects of each modality group were again randomized to perform a post-cooling activity: a) 30min rest, b) walking 15 min followed by 15 min rest. The NCV of sural (sensory) and posterior tibial (motor) nerves was evaluated. Initial (pre-cooling) and final (30 min post-cooling) NCV were compared using a paired t-test. The effects of the modalities and the post-cooling activities on NCV were evaluated by an analysis of covariance. The significance level was α=0.05. Results: There was a significant difference between immersion and ice massage on final sensory NCV (p=0.009). Ice pack and ice massage showed similar effects (p>0.05). Walking accelerated the recovery of sensory and motor NCV, regardless of the modality previously applied (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Cold water immersion was the most effective modality for maintaining reduced sensory nerve conduction after cooling. Walking after cooling, with any of the three modalities, enhances the recovery of sensory and motor NCV.Keywords: cryotherapy; cold therapy; nerve conduction; cooling agents; sural nerve; tibial nerve. ResumoContextualização: Diferentes protocolos de crioterapia têm ação distinta nos parâmetros de condução neural sensorial e motora. No entanto, não se sabe como é o comportamento desses parâmetros no período pós-resfriamento e como o exercício físico realizado nesse período atuaria na recuperação da velocidade de condução nervosa (VCN). Objetivos: Comparar o efeito de três protocolos de crioterapia na VCN pós-resfriamento e analisar o efeito da marcha pós-resfriamento na recuperação da VCN sensorial e motora.Métodos: Trinta e seis sujeitos jovens e saudáveis foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: criomassagem (n=12), pacote de gelo (n=12); imersão em água gelada (n=12). As modalidades foram aplicadas na perna direita. Os sujeitos de cada grupo foram novamente aleatorizados para realizar uma atividade pós-resfriamento: a) 30 min de rep...

Purpose: To explore individual and environmental correlates to quality of life (QoL) in park users in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study with face-to-face interviews was conducted with 1392 park users from ten parks in Colombia. The survey included sociodemographic questions, health condition assessed with EuroQuol-5-Dimensions-5-Levels; in addition, questions about accessibility to the parks and perceptions about quality of infrastructure and green areas were asked. The Spanish version of the questionnaire EUROHIS-QOL-8 items was applied to assess QoL. Log-binomial regression models were applied for analyses. Results: Years of schooling, visits to the park with a companion, active use of the park, a maximum score for quality of trees and walking paths, and the perception of safety on the way to the park were positively associated with a better QoL (p < 0.05). Health conditions related to problems in the ability to perform activities of daily living and anxiety/depression showed negative associations. Conclusions: The present study contributes to the Latin American studies by providing information on how parks in an intermediate city may contribute to increased QoL of park users through safety in neighborhoods, social support, active use, and aesthetics, cleanliness, and care of green areas.

Background: The effectiveness of high-voltage pulsed current (HVPC) treatments in humans as a means of controlling edema and post-

PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high in Colombian children and youth. Although the prevalence of obesity in Colombia is lower compared with other Latin American countries, it is increasing. A rich legal framework and availability of institutional arrangements provide unique opportunities to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice that need to be evaluated.

Background: Physical activity (PA) is central to the global agenda for the prevention on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Although 80% of NCDs occur in low-to-middle-income countries, the evidence on PA comes mainly from high-income countries. In this context, the report card for Colombia is an advocacy tool to help in the translation of evidence into concrete actions. The aims of this paper were two-fold: to present the methodology used to develop the first Report Card on Physical Activity in Colombian Children and Youth and to summarize the results. Methods: Twelve indicators of PA were graded using numerical grades (5, highest, to 1, lowest) based on data from national surveys and policy documents. Results: National policy and obesity indicators were graded "4," while departmental policy and overweight indicators were graded "3." Overall PA levels, sports participation, sedentary behaviors and nongovernment initiatives were graded "2," and school influence was graded "1." Active transportation, active play, low cardiorespiratory fitness, and family and community influence received an incomplete. Conclusion: PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high in Colombian children and youth. Although the prevalence of obesity in Colombia is lower compared with other Latin American countries, it is increasing. A rich legal framework and availability of institutional arrangements provide unique opportunities to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice that need to be evaluated.

Contribución de los autores:Diana Marina Camargo: elaboración de la propuesta de investigación, coordinación del desarrollo del trabajo, análisis de los datos y redacción del manuscrito final Stefany Santisteban, Erika Paredes, Mary Ann Flórez y Diego Bueno: participación en los ajustes de la metodología del trabajo, diseño del cuestionario, ejecución de la prueba piloto y contribución en la elaboración del manuscrito final Introducción. Las recomendaciones internacionales sobre actividad física y tiempo dedicado a comportamientos sedentarios en niños a partir de la edad preescolar, plantean la necesidad de disponer de instrumentos de medición con propiedades psicométricas que permitan evaluar la dinámica a nivel de la población y las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar su salud. Objetivo. Evaluar la confiabilidad de un cuestionario para medir la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños desde preescolar hasta cuarto grado de primaria. Materiales y métodos. Ciento ocho padres respondieron el cuestionario, el cual incluía preguntas sobre las variables sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con la actividad física, incluido el tiempo de caminata hasta el colegio, los deportes organizados y las actividades de juego; entre los comportamientos sedentarios se incluyeron el transporte motorizado a la escuela, el tiempo de lectura, el transcurrido frente a pantallas y el sueño. Mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el método de Bland y Altman, se evaluaron la consistencia interna, la reproducibilidad y los límites de acuerdo, respectivamente.Resultados. La consistencia interna osciló entre 0,59 y 0,64 para la actividad física y entre 0,22 y 0,34 para los comportamientos sedentarios. Los mejores niveles de reproducibilidad se registraron para la caminata (kappa=0,79), el tiempo de viaje a la escuela (CCI=0,69), el deporte organizado (kappa=0,72), el tiempo dedicado a este (CCI=0,76), el transporte motorizado al colegio y el tiempo empleado para ello (kappa=0,82; CCI=0,8), así como para el uso del computador y el tiempo dedicado a esta actividad (kappa=0,71; CCI=0,59). Se registraron niveles de acuerdo de moderados a buenos para el tiempo de lectura, la siesta, los cursos extracurriculares, y el uso de computador y de consolas. Conclusión. El cuestionario suministró información confiable para la medición de la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños menores de 10 años y podría emplearse en otros países latinoamericanos.Palabras clave: actividad motora, estilo de vida sedentario, cuestionarios, reproducibilidad de resultados, preescolar.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v35i3.2502Reliability of a questionnaire for measuring physical activity and sedentary behavior in children from preschool to fourth grade Introduction: International recommendations for physical activity and time spent in sedentary behaviors for children in their early years require the availability of measuring instruments with psychometric properties that allow for t...