Study Design: A time series design was used, with the dependent variable being gastrocnemius muscle temperature at a depth of 3 cm. Objectives: To determine the rate of temperature rise and the rate of post-treatment temperature decline in skeletal muscle following the application of pulsed short-wave diathermy (PSWD). Background: Data on PSWD rate and longevity of heating are 20 years old and outdated. With the recent introduction of advanced diathermy equipment, results of our study would provide clinicians with much needed information regarding treatment duration. Methods and Measures: A 23-gauge thermistor was inserted into the center of the medial head of the anesthetized gastrocnemius muscle, 3 cm below the skin's surface of 20 subjects. The PSWD (27.12 MHz frequency) was applied using the following parameters: 800 bursts per second; 400 psecond burst duration; 850 pecond interbunt interval; with a peak root mean square (RMS) amplitude of 150 W per burst and an average RMS output of 48 W. Temperature changes were documented every 5 minutes during the treatment and additionally at 5 and 10 minutes following treatment.Results: The average baseline and peak temperatures were 35.84 2 0.93OC and 39.80 + 0.83"C, respectively. Mean temperature increases were: 1.36 + 0.90°C (5 min); 2.87 2 1.44"C (10 min); 3.78 2 1 .lg°C (1 5 min); 3.49 + 1.13"C (20 min). After the treatment terminated, intramuscular temperature dropped 0.97 + 0.68"C in 5 minutes and 1.78 + 0.69" in 10 minutes. Conclusions: PSWD is an effective modality if temperature elevation of deep tissue over a large area is the clinical objective. ) Orthop Sports Phys 7her 1999;29:13-22.
Our observations suggest that passive warm-up performed before eccentric exercise may be more beneficial than active warm-up or no warm-up in attenuating swelling but does not prevent, attenuate, or resolve more quickly the other clinical symptoms of eccentric muscle damage as produced in this study.
BackgroundBecause of their fragmented nature, inselberg species are interesting biological models for studying the genetic consequences of disjoint populations. Inselbergs are commonly compared with oceanic islands, as most of them display a marked ecological isolation from the surrounding area. The isolation of these rock outcrops is reflected in the high number of recorded endemic species and the strong floristic differences between individual inselbergs and adjacent habitats. We examined the genetic connectivity of orchids Epidendrum cinnabarinum and E. secundum adapted to Neotropical inselbergs of northeastern Brazil. Our goals were to identify major genetic divergences or disjunctions across the range of the species and to investigate potential demographic and evolutionary mechanisms leading to lineage divergence in Neotropical mountain ecosystems.ResultsBased on plastid markers, high genetic differentiation was found for E. cinnabarinum (FST = 0.644) and E. secundum (FST = 0.636). Haplotypes were not geographically structured in either taxon, suggesting that restricted gene flow and genetic drift may be significant factors influencing the diversification of these inselberg populations. Moreover, strong differentiation was found between populations over short spatial scales, indicating substantial periods of isolation among populations. For E. secundum, nuclear markers indicated higher gene flow by pollen than by seeds.ConclusionsThe comparative approach adopted in this study contributed to the elucidation of patterns in both species. Our results confirm the ancient and highly isolated nature of inselberg populations. Both species showed similar patterns of genetic diversity and structure, highlighting the importance of seed-restricted gene flow and genetic drift as drivers of plant diversification in terrestrial islands such as inselbergs.
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