Response of Thermocouples Interfaced to Electrothermometers When Immersed in 5 Water Bath Temperatures

Long, Blaine; Jutte, Lisa S.; Knight, Kenneth L.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.338

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The intramuscular thermocouple was cleansed with a mild protein- thermocouples have been studied previously and it has been recommended that researchers test and report on the equipment utilized in the study. 21,22 The three intramuscular thermocouples utilized in the study were pilot tested with the Iso-Thermex electrothermometer and a calibrated mercury thermometer; thermocouples were found to be valid as compared to the mercury thermometer were valid and reliable within 0.1C. Temperatures were recorded every 60-seconds during the 30-minute treatment period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Intramuscular and Skin Temperature Decreases Produced by the PowerPlay Intermittent Compression Cryotherapy

Ostrowski¹,

Purchio²,

Beck³

et al. 2018

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Intramuscular and Skin Temperature Decreases Produced by the PowerPlay Intermittent Compression Cryotherapy

Ostrowski¹,

Purchio²,

Beck³

et al. 2018

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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“…The reliability and validity of the IT-21 thermocouples and Iso-Thermex electrothermometer have been described. 16 We used an imaging ultrasound (LOGIQ 5e; General Electric Company, Fairfield, CT) to measure the subcutaneous fat thickness of our participants and to verify the depth of the inserted thermocouples.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heating Capacity of ReBound Shortwave Diathermy and Moist Hot Packs at Superficial Depths

Hawkes

Draper

Johnson

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: The effectiveness of a new continuous diathermy unit, ReBound, as a heating modality is unknown.Objective: To compare the effects of ReBound diathermy with silicate-gel moist hot packs on tissue temperature in the human triceps surae muscle.Design: Crossover study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 12 healthy, college-aged volunteers (4 men, 8 women; age ¼ 22.2 6 2.25 years, calf subcutaneous fat thickness ¼ 7.2 6 1.9 mm).Intervention(s): On 2 different days, 1 of 2 modalities (ReBound diathermy, silicate-gel moist hot pack) was applied to the triceps surae muscle of each participant for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the modality was removed, and temperature decay was recorded for 20 minutes.Main Outcome Measure(s): Medial triceps surae intramuscular tissue temperature at a depth of 1 cm was measured using an implantable thermocouple inserted horizontally into the muscle. Measurements were taken every 5 minutes during the 30-minute treatment and every minute during the 20-minute temperature decay, for a total of 50 minutes. Treatment was analyzed through a 2 3 7 mixed-model analysis of variance with repeated measures. Temperature decay was analyzed through a 2 3 21 mixed-model analysis of variance with repeated measures.Results: During the 30-minute application, tissue temperatures at a depth of 1 cm increased more with the ReBound diathermy than with the moist hot pack (F 6,66 ¼ 7.14, P , .001). ReBound diathermy and moist hot packs increased tissue temperatures 3.698C 6 1.508C and 2.828C 6 0.908C, respectively, from baseline. Throughout the temperature decay, ReBound diathermy produced a greater rate of heat dissipation than the moist hot pack (F 20,222 ¼ 4.42, P , .001).Conclusions: During a 30-minute treatment at a superficial depth, the ReBound diathermy increased tissue temperature to moderate levels, which were greater than the levels reached with moist hot packs.

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“…Experiment 1 was a 2 3 2 repeated-measures factorial design with extension lead (with, without) and trial (1,2) as the independent variables. Experiment 2 was a 1 3 3 repeated-measures factorial design with phase (preapplication, ice application, postapplication) as the independent variable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We collected data for each trial every 20 seconds for 5 minutes. 1,2,5 Experiment 2. For Experiment 2, 5 IT-21 and 5 PT-6 thermocouples were set up in our polystyrene cooler similarly to the setup used in experiment 1 but without the use of extension leads.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature Measurement Reliability and Validity With Thermocouple Extension Leads or Changing Lead Temperature

Jutte

Long

Knight

2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Thermocouples' leads are often too short, necessitating the use of an extension lead.Objective: To determine if temperature measures were influenced by extension-lead use or lead temperature changes.Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory.Other Participants: Experiment 1: 10 IT-21 thermocouples and 5 extension leads. Experiment 2: 5 IT-21 and PT-6 thermocouples.Methods: In experiment 1, temperature data were collected on 10 IT-21 thermocouples in a stable water bath with and without extension leads. In experiment 2, temperature data were collected on 5 IT-21 and PT-6 thermocouples in a stable water bath before, during, and after ice-pack application to extension leads.Results: In experiment 1, extension leads did not influence IT-21 validity (P 5 .45) or reliability (P 5 .10). In experiment 2, postapplication IT-21 temperatures were greater than preapplication and application measures (P , .05).Conclusions: Extension leads had no influence on temperature measures. Ice application to leads may increase measurement error.Key Words: uncertainty, therapeutic modalities, cryotherapy, thermotherapy Key Points N The use of extension leads did not affect thermocouple measurement reliability and validity. N Researchers should report the reliability and validity of thermocouple measurements.T hermocouples are interfaced with electrothermometers to measure temperature. Some thermocouple models, such as the implantable IT-21 (Physitemp Instruments, Inc, Clifton, NJ), have leads that are too short to reach from an electrothermometer to the tissue or substance being measured, necessitating the use of a thermocouple extension lead. When studying superficial modalities, such as ice and heat packs, researchers must place most modalities on at least part of the leads during data collection. In previous work, 1,2 we reported that an electrothermometer influenced uncertainty (validity 6 reliability), otherwise referred to as accuracy by manufacturers. 3 The only thermocouple model to influence uncertainty more than the electrothermometer manufacturer's claims was the IT-21 2 ; thermocouple manufacturers provide only range values for their equipment. 4 This finding caused us to question whether extension leads influence temperature measurement uncertainty. Because thermocouples are composed of 2 dissimilar metal wires and metal is typically a good conductor of heat energy, we also asked if altering the temperature around the thermocouple leads could influence the reported temperature. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine if the use of extension leads or the temperature of the thermocouple lead alters the validity and reliability of temperature measurements. METHODS Study DesignTwo experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was a 2 3 2 repeated-measures factorial design with extension lead (with, without) and trial (1, 2) as the independent variables. Experiment 2 was a 1 3 3 repeated-measures factorial design with phase (preapplication, ice application, postapplication) as the independent var...

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Response of Thermocouples Interfaced to Electrothermometers When Immersed in 5 Water Bath Temperatures

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Examination of Intramuscular and Skin Temperature Decreases Produced by the PowerPlay Intermittent Compression Cryotherapy

Examination of Intramuscular and Skin Temperature Decreases Produced by the PowerPlay Intermittent Compression Cryotherapy

Heating Capacity of ReBound Shortwave Diathermy and Moist Hot Packs at Superficial Depths

Temperature Measurement Reliability and Validity With Thermocouple Extension Leads or Changing Lead Temperature

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