<p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstra</strong><strong>ct. </strong>Most agricultural producers use pesticides to prevent pests and increase yield and quality of the food they grow. Pesticides can damage people’s health, and lead to birth defects (<em>teratogenic </em>in character) and death in humans and animals. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of <em>organochlorine </em>pesticides, demonstrate dangerous bioaccumulation levels in the body and environment. The problems caused by<em> organochlorine</em> residues (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and DDT</em>) on agricultural lands that are still found today are generally the consequence of past usage that dates back to the1960s. Research on pesticide residues in Indonesia was carried out several years ago by various research institutes and universities and some of these results were collected between 1985 and 2017. Data distribution of the results on pesticide residues include in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, and Papua. Most of the pesticide residue research has been conducted on vegetables. Pesticide residues were found in various commodities and matrices such as rice, soybeans, cow's milk, chicken eggs, fruit ingredients, vegetables, soil, paddy water, river water, lake water, pond water, sea water, water birds, animal feed, fish, frogs, lamb, birds, eggs, tea, and honey. Pesticide residues found were insecticide (<em>organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid</em>), and fungicide (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> and <em>thiametoxam). Organochlorine</em> insecticides have been banned, but the residues are still found today. This is due to the nature of <em>organochlorines</em> which have high persistence properties. Even though insecticide residues (<em>organophosphate, carbamate, pirethroid</em>) found in food commodities are still below the maximum residual limit (MRL), namely SNI 7313: 2008, but some close to MRL. Particularly for <em>organochlorine</em> residues in soil, water and plants insecticides must be monitored because they are persistent, toxic and accumulative. This paper aims to review of pesticide residues in various products including food, and the potential impact of pesticide residues on human health.</p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"> </p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Sebagian besar produsen pertanian menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah hama dan meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas makanan yang mereka tanam. Pestisida dapat merusak kesehatan manusia, dan bersifat <em>teratogenik</em> dan mematikan pada manusia dan hewan. Banyak dari residu kimia ini, terutama turunan pestisida <em>organoklorin</em>, menunjukkan tingkat bioakumulasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh manusia dan lingkungan. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh residu <em>organoklorin</em> (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor</em> dan <em>DDT</em>) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1960-an. Penelitian tentang residu pestisida di Indonesia dilakukan beberapa tahun yang lalu oleh berbagai lembaga penelitian dan universitas yang dikumpulkan antara tahun 1985 dan 2017. Distribusi data hasil residu pestisida tersebar di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Yogyakarta, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Utara dan Selatan, Gorontalo, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menemukan residu pestisida tidak hanya ditemukan di berbagai komoditas pertanian seperti beras, kedelai, susu sapi, telur ayam, bahan buah, sayuran tetapi juga pada tanah, sawah, air sungai, air danau, air kolam, air laut, burung air, pakan ternak, ikan, katak, domba, telur burung, teh, dan madu. Residu pestisida yang banyak ditemukan di lapangan adalah insektisida (<em>organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>), dan fungisida (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> dan <em>thiametoxam</em>). Insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin </em>telah dilarang penggunaannya, namun residunya masih ditemukan hingga kini. Hal ini dikarenakan sifat organoklorin yang memiliki sifat persistensi yang tinggi. Residu insektisida (<em>organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>) yang ditemukan di dalam komoditas pangan secara umum masih di bawah batas maksimum residu (BMR) yang mengacu pada standar nasional, yaitu SNI 7313: 2008, namun beberapa residu insektisida telah mendekati BMR. Khusus untuk residu insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin</em> di dalam tanah, air dan tanaman harus dipantau karena sifatnya yang persisten, beracun, dan akumulatif. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu pestisida dalam berbagai produk termasuk makanan, dan dampak potensial residu pestisida pada kesehatan manusia.</p>

Abstract. Mardiastuti A, Masy'ud B, Ginoga LN, Sastranegara H, Sutopo. 2021. Short Communication: Wildlife species used as traditional medicine by local people in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 329-337. Since a long time ago, wild animals (wildlife species) have been used by the local people as traditional medicine. Research has been conducted in some areas, but there was no study that incorporates all data. The objective of this research was to collect nation-wide information on the wildlife species (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) used as traditional medicine, identify the species used the most, and collect information on the diseases that were believed can be cured by the wildlife species. Papers and reports from previous studies were collected and analyzed. Based on 55 published scientific papers, 114 wildlife species were known to be used by the local people as traditional medicine (59 species of mammals, 12 birds, 37 reptiles, 6 amphibians). Reptiles were used more intensively and believed may cure many diseases, mainly respiratory, digestive, skin, and musculoskeletal diseases. Among all species, Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus), Common Water Monitor (Varanus salvator), Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko), Common Sun Skink (Eutropis multifasciata), and Malayan Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) were listed as the most popular species for traditional medicine. As some species have already listed as protected and endangered, a necessary precautionary program is needed to ensure the harvest sustainability and survival of the endangered species.

Local people in Sumatra have long utilized herpetofauna to provide food, medicine, and other purposes. However, research related to wildlife utilization is still lacking. The objective of this paper was to provide an overview of the island-wide (i.e. Sumatra) traditional use of herpetofauna by the local people and analyze its implications for conservation. Published papers were collected and analyzed. From 11 papers, 22 wild-caught species (18 reptiles, 4 amphibians) were used by local people for their meat (water monitor, freshwater turtles, large-sized snakes), eggs (marine and freshwater turtles), or medicinal purposes (snakes, lizards, frogs; as skin-related remedies). Among them, 8 reptiles are listed in the IUCN Red List and CITES Appendices, including Batagur borneoensis (CR, Appendix II), Chelonia mydas (EN, Appendix I), Notochelys platynota (VU, Appendix II), Ophiophagus hannah (VU, Appendix II), Ortilia borneensis (EN, Appendix II). Additionally, 5 reptiles are protected by Indonesian law. Batagur borneoensis is also listed as a very high priority species for conservation by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. No amphibian is protected by law, listed in the CITES, nor IUCN Red List. Traditional uses of protected species and listed under the IUCN Red List need to be managed properly to ensure their sustainability.

As a science, ethnozoology is relatively less popular compared to ethnobotany, although local people in Indonesia have been practicing ethnozoology for thousands of years. This paper aimed to describe the progress of ethnozoology in Indonesia, specifically about research topic within ethnozoology, taxa mostly harvested by the local people, as well as institutions that mostly conduct ethnozoological research. An intensive literature study of the published papers in the last 20 years was performed. Data were analyzed by using VOSviewer. Of the 53 published literatures, VOSviewer showed that the research topic of ethnozoology based on keywords has 16 clusters with 464 links and mostly related to traditional medicine (15 occurrences; 62 total link strength) and reptiles (13 occurrences; 54 total link strength). Among vertebrates, the most widely-utilized taxon was herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) which were included in 44 references. The institutions that have been conducting research on this topic mostly were IPB University (15 refs), Tanjungpura University (7 refs), and Bangka Belitung University (4 refs). Although VOSviewer was meant to construct and visualize bibliometric networks based on authors/co-authors and their affiliations, citation/co-citation, and bibliographic coupling, this software can also be used to describe and visualize specific themes or topics as well.

An increase in oil palm plantation area of ± 9.3 million hectares within 20 years (1997 – 2006) raises concerns of the international communities on the loss of diversity, including butterflies. Butterflies have multiple ecological functions, including as pollinator and ecosystem balancer, hence research about the impact of oil palm plantation development on the loss, gain, and diversity is important to conduct. The research was conducted in March 2018 in PKWE Plantation, West Kalimantan Province, by using Pollard transect method and trap in seven land covers. The land covers consist of two original land covers before made into oil palm plantation, in the form of shrubs and secondary forest, and five land covers after made into oil palm plantation, in the form of old, medium, young oil palm plantation, High Conservation Value (NKT) area, and yard. The total butterfly species found amounted to 49 species, 315 individuals, four families: Papilionidae (8 species), Pieridae (8 species), Nymphalidae (31 species), and Lycanidae (2 species). The highest number of species and diversity were discovered in the High Conservation Value (HCV) area (S=26; Dmg=6.24), while the lowest ones were located in a yard area (S=11; Dmg=2.09). Based on conservation status, there were a butterfly species which is protected namely Troides helena. Regarding the loss and gain of butterfly species, oil palm plantation development had caused a much lower loss than gain. With the loss of five species and gain of 27 species compared to the original land cover in the form of secondary forest, and the loss of three species and gain of 26 species compared to the original land cover in the form of shrubs.

Environmental problems and their solutions must be introduced to students from an early age through Environmental Education (PLH). One of PLH’s implementations is the Adiwiyata Program. The success of the Adiwiyata Program can be measured by examining differences in knowledge, positive attitudes, and positive behavior towards environmental problems and solutions. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively differences in knowledge, positive attitudes and positive behavior regarding the environment in school that has participated and that who has not participated in the Adiwiyata Program. Data were analyzed using a Likert scale with three categories: 1) good, 2) quite good, and 3) not good. Mann-Whitney U Test analysis was conducted to test the significance of the difference between the two groups of respondents. There was a difference in knowledge, attitudes, behavior and PLH scores in school that has participated in the Adiwiyata Program and that who has not. There was also a difference in student knowledge but not significant between schools participating in the Adiwiyata Program and not participating in the program. Students who participated in the Adiwiyata Program had better PLH scores than those who did not follow the Adiwiyata program

Local people in many parts of Indonesia have long utilized reptiles (snakes, turtles, lizards) and their products for various purposes. Nation-wide data on the species and its use by local people, however, is still lacking. This paper aimed to provide an overview of the nation-wide traditional use of reptiles by the local people. The data were collected and collated from 42 relevant papers published in the last twenty years (2001-2019). Of the available data from 19 provinces, 59 reptile species have been recorded being used by local people, categorized into indigenous/folk medicine (47 species), food/protein source (20 species), part of traditional and culture (11 species), subsistent income generation (10 species), ecological reasons (6 species), venom extraction (2 species), and pet (1 species). In general, reptiles were mostly used as a remedy for skin diseases, while large-sized species were commonly used for subsistent income generation and or as a protein source. The reptiles could also be used as part of the traditional and culture (e.g., ritual ceremony, good omen/charm, and bad sign). Although Indonesia consists of many islands, there are many common or similar traditional knowledge of the local people resided on different islands.

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) will expand their daily home range to obtain good and plentiful food sources, thus often causing conflict. Identification of long-tailed macaque feed preferences needs to be done as a form of minimizing conflict. This research aims to identify the type of feed and feed preference, and also to analyze the daily activity of long-tailed macaques. The research was conducted by vegetation analysis and field observation of the daily activities of long-tailed macaques. The results of this research showed that there were 22 types of feed plants and 2 types of non-plant feeds. Long-tailed macaques are kind of fructivore animals but will be opportunistic omnivores if the availability of fruits decreases. Long-tailed macaques are more interested to eat fruit, especially Belimbing Bintang fruit (Averrhoa carambola), Matoa fruit (Pometia pinnata), and Jabon fruit (Neolamarckia cadamba).