This research can be used for long time that want to make direction of landuse model wherever it has

Abstract. Kurnia I, Arief H, Mardiastuti A, Hermawan R. 2021. The potential of bird diversity in the urban landscape for birdwatching in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1701-1711. Birdwatching is a recreational activity of observing birds in the wild with the naked eye¸ using tools such as telescopes and binoculars, or listening to bird sounds. The observation locations can be either natural landscape or urban landscapes with bird diversity. However, the dominance of built spaces and man-made vegetation differed from natural landscapes. This difference will affect the composition of birds found in the urban landscape. This paper aimed to analyze bird diversity in urban landscapes and their potential for birdwatching. The research was conducted from February to April 2020 in five cities in Java (Bogor, Sukabumi, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya). Bird data were taken using the IPA method and were carried out in 85 green open spaces. Total bird species found were 75 species, with the largest number found in Bogor (66 species), followed by Surabaya (36 species), Bandung (28 species), Sukabumi (26 species), and Yogyakarta (19 species). The locations with the highest species richness in each city are Bogor Botanical Gardens (53 species), Cikundul Agrotourism Area Sukabumi (18 species), Bandung Zoological Garden (21 species), Gembira Loka Zoo (14 species), and Pakal City Forest Surabaya (20 species). Commonly seen bird species are dominated by generalist species typical of urban landscapes (e.g., Collocalia linchi, Passer montanus, and Pycnonotus aurigaster). Bird species richness has a positive correlation with the local area and habitat diversity. A total of 74 bird species are resident species that can be found throughout the year as birdwatching objects. Only one species are migrant species namely Merops philippinus.

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C. manghas F. elastica S. macrophyllaPeningkatan konsentrasi CO secara efektif dapat dikendalikan dengan pembangunan hutan kota melalui pemilihan jenis tanaman perkotaan yang memiliki potensi serapan CO tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data potensi serapan CO oleh daun pada sembilan jenis tanaman di jalur hijau Jalan Pajajaran, Bogor. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui survei lapangan dan analisis laboratorium sampel daun menggunakan metode karbohidrat. Studi kasus dan literatur untuk memperoleh data sekunder dari instansi atau literatur terkait, khususnya hasil studi dengan kasus serupa. Data lain yang dikumpulkan terdiri atas jumlah dan luas daun. Hasil analisis menunjukkan memiliki potensi serapan CO per daun tanaman paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 11,86 ton/daun/tahun. Selain itu, dan juga memiliki nilai serapan CO yang relatif baik dibandingkan jenis tanaman lain yaitu masing-masing sebesar 3,83 ton/daun/tahun dan 2,51 ton/daun/tahun. Adapun faktor inheren tanaman yang menentukan besarnya potensi serapan CO adalah luas daun, ketebalan daun, kehijauan daun, jumlah daun dan kadar air. Sedangkan faktor luar (eksternal) antara lain tempat hidup tanaman, ketersediaan air dan hara mineral, serta pengaruh cahaya dan suhu Serapan CO , metode karbohidrat, hutan kota, jumlah daun, luas daun.

ABSTRACT

Mining activities will reduce species diversity, whereas forest reclamation would restore the species diversity, which was previously a forested area This research was conducted in area, in cations, and in natural . PT Bukit Asam 6 lo forest, as a comparison. The objective of this research was identifying biodiversity of plants and birds in a reclamation area which had different planting years through an approach of diversity indices of vegetation and birds (H'), inde , leaf area index (LAI). x of species similarity of plants and birds and Research results showed that secondary succession occurred in the reclamation area The value of plant diversity index in reclamation area of . 1995 planting year exhibited diversity values which approached that of natural forest, except for undergrowth vegetation Index of plant species similarity between reclamation area and natural forest did not show any presence . of similar communities, but the reclamation area of 1995 planting year exhibited values of plant species similarity indices at all strata, ranging from undergrowth vegetation, seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees Index of bird . diversity in reclamation area of planting the year possessed the highest value and approached that of natural 1998 forest, namely Reclamation area of 1998 planting year possessed the highest similarity index of bird species, 2.43. namely Reclamation area of the planting year possessed which approached natural forest, namely 50%. 1995 LAI 1.89. LAI, The older the planting year, the larger was the value of except for the disturbed reclamation area, namely reclamation area of planting year and reclamation area of planting year 1996 2001 .

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It is obvious that an increase in the built environment in many major cities is not balanced with the availability of green open space causing environmental problems such as an increase in accumulative city temperature (e.g., urban heat island). Therefore, many initiatives have been implemented to integrate more green open spaces in an effort to deal with increasing air temperatures in cities, but baseline information on the positive impact on the built environment is still lacking. The objective of this study was to identify thermal comfort in green open spaces and built environments in a central business district. Basic microclimate variables and thermal humidity index (THI) were analyzed in three sites representing the district by also considering the distribution of green open spaces, buildings, and traffics. Results showed that in the morning, the average temperature at the three sampling points have a low temperature (T=27.77-28.50°C) with high humidity (RH=77.21-80.97%) and the THI value is quite comfortable (THI=26.72-27.22°C), while during the daytime, the temperature conditions at the three sites have high temperatures (T=31.37-33.04°C) with low humidity (RH=63.30-65.80%) and high THI values (THI=29.22-30.62°C). In the afternoon, the temperature conditions at the three sample points have a high enough temperature (T=29.70-30.61°C) and high humidity (RH=67.36-71.02%), while the THI value is only in point two, which is close to the quite comfortable category (THI=27.98°C), while other locations have a value THI=28.60°C and 28.62°C. The results of this study mark the presence of green open space with the trees in the district has a positive effect on decreasing air temperature and hence increasing environmental comfort. The addition and enrichment of trees can be done to increase thermal comfort in the built environment.