<p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstra</strong><strong>ct. </strong>Most agricultural producers use pesticides to prevent pests and increase yield and quality of the food they grow. Pesticides can damage people’s health, and lead to birth defects (<em>teratogenic </em>in character) and death in humans and animals. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of <em>organochlorine </em>pesticides, demonstrate dangerous bioaccumulation levels in the body and environment. The problems caused by<em> organochlorine</em> residues (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and DDT</em>) on agricultural lands that are still found today are generally the consequence of past usage that dates back to the1960s. Research on pesticide residues in Indonesia was carried out several years ago by various research institutes and universities and some of these results were collected between 1985 and 2017. Data distribution of the results on pesticide residues include in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, and Papua. Most of the pesticide residue research has been conducted on vegetables. Pesticide residues were found in various commodities and matrices such as rice, soybeans, cow's milk, chicken eggs, fruit ingredients, vegetables, soil, paddy water, river water, lake water, pond water, sea water, water birds, animal feed, fish, frogs, lamb, birds, eggs, tea, and honey. Pesticide residues found were insecticide (<em>organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid</em>), and fungicide (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> and <em>thiametoxam). Organochlorine</em> insecticides have been banned, but the residues are still found today. This is due to the nature of <em>organochlorines</em> which have high persistence properties. Even though insecticide residues (<em>organophosphate, carbamate, pirethroid</em>) found in food commodities are still below the maximum residual limit (MRL), namely SNI 7313: 2008, but some close to MRL. Particularly for <em>organochlorine</em> residues in soil, water and plants insecticides must be monitored because they are persistent, toxic and accumulative. This paper aims to review of pesticide residues in various products including food, and the potential impact of pesticide residues on human health.</p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"> </p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Sebagian besar produsen pertanian menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah hama dan meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas makanan yang mereka tanam. Pestisida dapat merusak kesehatan manusia, dan bersifat <em>teratogenik</em> dan mematikan pada manusia dan hewan. Banyak dari residu kimia ini, terutama turunan pestisida <em>organoklorin</em>, menunjukkan tingkat bioakumulasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh manusia dan lingkungan. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh residu <em>organoklorin</em> (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor</em> dan <em>DDT</em>) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1960-an. Penelitian tentang residu pestisida di Indonesia dilakukan beberapa tahun yang lalu oleh berbagai lembaga penelitian dan universitas yang dikumpulkan antara tahun 1985 dan 2017. Distribusi data hasil residu pestisida tersebar di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Yogyakarta, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Utara dan Selatan, Gorontalo, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menemukan residu pestisida tidak hanya ditemukan di berbagai komoditas pertanian seperti beras, kedelai, susu sapi, telur ayam, bahan buah, sayuran tetapi juga pada tanah, sawah, air sungai, air danau, air kolam, air laut, burung air, pakan ternak, ikan, katak, domba, telur burung, teh, dan madu. Residu pestisida yang banyak ditemukan di lapangan adalah insektisida (<em>organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>), dan fungisida (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> dan <em>thiametoxam</em>). Insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin </em>telah dilarang penggunaannya, namun residunya masih ditemukan hingga kini. Hal ini dikarenakan sifat organoklorin yang memiliki sifat persistensi yang tinggi. Residu insektisida (<em>organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>) yang ditemukan di dalam komoditas pangan secara umum masih di bawah batas maksimum residu (BMR) yang mengacu pada standar nasional, yaitu SNI 7313: 2008, namun beberapa residu insektisida telah mendekati BMR. Khusus untuk residu insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin</em> di dalam tanah, air dan tanaman harus dipantau karena sifatnya yang persisten, beracun, dan akumulatif. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu pestisida dalam berbagai produk termasuk makanan, dan dampak potensial residu pestisida pada kesehatan manusia.</p>
Accumulation of insecticide residues is harmful to the environment and human living. The research was conducted to explore the chlorpyriphos and BPMC degrading bacteria from contaminated shallot farm soils and to formulate bacterial consortium to be applied as the insecticides bioremediation agent. Among nineteen bacterial isolates, K10 and K14 bacterial isolates could degrade up to 38.3% and 43.3% chlorpyrifos contained in its growth medium in 5 days, respectively. Two bacterial isolates namely B21 dan B17 could degrade BPMC up to 75.9% dan 77% in 5 days of incubation. Bacterial consortium of K10+K14, K10+B21, and B17+B21 isolates could enhance in-vitro degration of chlorpyrifos up to 89.6%, 88.9%, and 88.1% respectively, while its BPMC degradation enhanced up to 75.9%, 70.3%, dan 69.5% respectively. The highest in-vitro degradation was showed by K10+K14 bacterial consortium. It could degrade up to 79.9% for chlorpyrifos, and 71.9% for BPMC. Base on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the isolates have similarity 97.7% to A. baumannii, 96.3% to B. toyonensis, 94.4% to uncultured enterobacter sp. clone 150, and 78.08% to uncultured bacterium clonenck09g01c1 for K10, K14, B17, and B21 bacterial isolates, respectively.
This research aims to empirically test the influence of earnings management and the composition of independent commissioners to the earnings quality and its effect on the firm value. Research conducted on public companies in the Index LQ45 Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2012-2016. Earnings management is proscribed with discretionary accruals, the earnings quality is proscribed with the earnings volatility and the firm value is proscribed with the Price to Book Value (PBV). The results showed that directly the practice of earnings management has a negative influence on the earnings quality and firm value, an indication of income smoothing is done in order to maintain the perception of stakeholders against the company. While the composition of independent Commissioners has no significant influence on the earnings quality but has a negative influence on the firm value, in this case the existence of independent Commissioner is deemed not to conduct supervision effectively because the recruitment process is not objective and tends to fulfill the obligation of the company and is political, this is evidenced by the Independent Commissioner from retired and political figures. It also shows that the earnings quality has a intervening role in earnings management relationship and independent Commissioner composition against the firm value.Key words: earnings management; independent commissioners; earnings quality and firm value. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh manajemen laba dan komposisi komisaris independen terhadap kualitas laba dan efeknya terhadap nilai perusahaan. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap perusahaan publik yang masuk dalam indeks LQ45 Bursa Efek Indonesia untuk periode 2012-2016. Manajemen laba diproksikan dengan discretionary accruals, kualitas laba diproksikan dengan volatilitas laba dan nilai perusahaan diproksikan dengan Price to Book Value (PBV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara langsung praktek manajemen laba memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap kualitas laba maupun nilai perusahaan, indikasi income smoothing dilakukan dalam rangka menjaga persepsi stakeholders terhadap perusahaan. Sementara komposisi komisaris independen tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kualitas laba namun memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap nilai perusahaan, dalam hal ini keberadaan komisaris independen dianggap tidak melakukan pengawasan secara efektif karena proses rekrutmen yang tidak objektif dan cenderung pemenuhan kewajiban perusahaan serta bersifat politis, hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya komisaris independen yang berasal dari purnawirawan dan tokoh politik. Peneltian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kualitas laba memiliki peran intervening dalam hubungan manajemen laba dan komposisi komisaris independen terhadap nilai perusahaan.Kata kunci: manajemen laba; komisaris independen; kualitas laba dan nilai perusahaan.
The paraquat (Par) and carbosulfan (Carb) residue are thought to have contaminated soil, water, and plant in eight provinces of Indonesia as study sites i.e. Riau, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan. The objective of this study was to get information related the use and effects of Par and Carb. The soil samples were collected with a stainless-steel spoon. Water samples were taken using a grab sampler. Harvest panicles manually, only from upright and unlodged plants (rice). Analysis of samples were used HPLC, while for Carb residue analysis was used GC. The limit of detection of Par residue in soil were at the range of 0.0479 to 0.0597 µg g−1. Par and Carb residues are not found in water and plants (below the detection limit). The total Par and Carb residue in soil were in the range of 0.1525 to 14.4366 mg kg−1 and 0.0582 to 0.3072 mg kg−1, respectively or below the tolerance limit. Par residue distributed to all study locations, while Carb residue found in Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan Islands. The results of this study indicate that Par and Carb residues in water, soil and plants are still safe.
Verification of digital multimeter for rapid detection of insecticide residues on vegetablesThe instruments that usually used for detection of pesticide residues are Gas Chromatography (GC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), however, these instruments are expensive, take time, and need a large number of chemicals. Therefore, it is needed to develop rapid method in analyzing pesticide residues. One instrument that is potential for rapid detection of pesticide residues is digital multimeter. This method uses resistance differences of electrical current on chemical compounds. The aim of this research was to assess capability of digital multimeter for rapid detection of insecticide residues on vegetables by the aspects of precision, accuracy, linearity, and detection limit. The research was conducted in IAERI laboratory, Laladon, Bogor on January to December 2012. Insecticide residues that detected were organochlorine and organophosphate on some vegetables of potato, cabbage, carrot, onion, chili, and cucumber. The results showed that precision values of digital multimeter for detection organochlorine and organophosphate residues on vegetables were 0.02 to 2.46%. Linearity values of digital multimeter for detection endrin on onion and potato, heptachlor on onion, BHC on cucumber, chlorphyriphos on potato and cabbage, and dichlorvos on cabbage were 0.81, 0.84, 0.95, 0.71, 0.95, 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. Accuracy values of digital multimeter for detecting endrin and dieldrin on onion, chlorphyriphos on potato and cabbage, and profenophos on chili were 106.93%, 115.08%, 72.89%, 72.40%, and 98.06%, respectively. Detection and quantification limits of digital multimeter for detecting organochlorine were 0.08 to 0.17 ppm and 0.27 to 0.56 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, detection and quantification limits of digital multimeter for detecting organophosphate were 0.05 to 0.27 ppm and 0.16 to 0.90 ppm, respectively. This result showed that digital multimeter was accurate and representative instrument for detecting pesticide residues on vegetables.Keywords: Digital Multimeter, Pesticides residue, VegetablesABSTRAKAlat yang digunakan untuk analisis residu pestisida antara lain Kromatografi Gas (KG), Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT), Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), namun alat tersebut sangat mahal, dan perlu proses cukup lama serta memerlukan bahan kimia yang banyak. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan metode cepat analisis residu pestisida. Salah satu alternatif deteksi cepat residu pestisida adalah dengan menggunakan Alat Multimeter Digital (AMD). Teknik analisis ini menggunakan prinsip perbedaan resistensi (tahanan) terhadap arus listrik dari senyawa kimia residu pestisida. Percobaan ini bertujuan mengetahui cara kerja awal AMD untuk deteksi cepat residu insektisida pada tanaman sayuran dari aspek presisi, akurasi, linearitas, dan limit deteksi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian (Balingtan) di Laladon Bogor, mulai bulan Januari hingga Desember 2012. Residu insektisida yang dideteksi adalah organoklorin dan organofosfat pada beberapa sayuran yaitu kentang, kubis, wortel, bawang merah, cabe merah dan mentimun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai presisi AMD dalam mendeteksi organoklorin dan organofosfat pada sayuran berkisar 0,02-2,46%. Nilai linearitas AMD dalam mendeteksi endrin pada bawang merah dan kentang, heptaklor pada bawang merah, BHC pada mentimun, klorpirifos pada kentang dan kubis, serta diklorfos pada kubis masing-masing sebesar 0,81, 0,84, 0,95, 0,71, 0,95, 0,80 dan 0,76. Nilai akurasi AMD dalam mendeteksi endrin dan dieldrin pada bawang merah, klorpirifos padakentang dan kubis, serta profenofos pada cabe merah masing-masing sebesar 106,93 %, 115,08%, 72,89 %, 72,40%, dan 98,06%. Nilai LOD (limit deteksi) dan LOQ (limit quantifikasi) AMD terhadap organoklorin berkisar antara 0,08-0,17 ppm dan 0,27-0,56 ppm, sedangkan terhadap golongan organofosfat berkisar antara 0,05-0,27 ppm dan 0,16-0,90 ppm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa AMD merupakan alat yang cukup akurat dan representatif untuk deteksi cepat residu pestisida pada sayuran.Kata Kunci: Alat Multimeter Digital, Residu pestisida, Sayuran
Heptachlor insecticide is a toxic organochlorine insecticide, persistent and bio-cummulative in the environment. Remediation using actived carbon and microbial is a solution to pollution due to pesticide in the environment.The objective of this study was to obtain fertilizer technology using urea with activated carbon and enriched with microbes degrading heptachlor insecticide in order to reduce the insecticide residue in paddy fields. The research was conducted at the Jakenan Experimental Station between February to September 2012. The soil used as the planting medium was brought from the village Sukamenak, District Rawagempol Wetan, Karawang. The experiment was conducted in the field at micro-plot scale with lysimeter, and using a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 6 fertilizer treatments ( control , prill urea , urea with activated carbon maize cobs ( UAATJ ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell ( UAATK ) , urea with activated carbon cob corn + microbes ( UAATJM ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell + microbes ( UAATKM ). The plants used were from Inpari 13 variety. The insecticide residue analysis was performed in the Residu Bahan Agrikimia (RBA) laboratory of Balingtan. The results showed significant orthogonal countrast tests of different treatments. The highest reduction of residual insecticide was observed in urea coated with activated carbon cob corn and enriched with microbial consortia degrading POPs, which was 36.30 %. It is suspected that activated carbon coated cob corn with microbial enrichment was favored as its home and the microbes utilized carbon sources of heptachlor as the food.
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