BackgroundMeasure the populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults according to sex and location inside or outside the residence, estimate Ae. aegypti female density per house and per resident, and test the association with abiotic factors.MethodsAdult mosquitoes were collected monthly with a hand net and portable electric catcher in the peridomiciliary and intradomiciliary premises of residences in an urban area with ongoing dengue transmission in the municipality of São Sebastião, Brazil, from February 2011 to February 2012.ResultsOf the 1,320 specimens collected, 1,311 were Ae. aegypti, and nine were Ae. albopictus. A total of 653 male and 658 female of Ae. aegypti were recorded, of which 80% were intradomiciliary. The mean density of Ae. aegypti adult females was 1.60 females/house and 0.42 females/resident. There was an association between the number of females and the number of residents in both intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary premises (r2 = 0.92; p < 0.001 and r2 = 0.68; p < 0.001, respectively). There was an association between the number of females and the mean and total rainfall; the correlation was better in peridomiciliary premises (p = 0.00; r2 = 77%) than intradomiciliary premises in both cases (p = 0.01; r2 = 48%). Minimum temperature was associated in both environments, exhibiting the same coefficient of determination (p = 0.02; r2 = 40%). The low frequency of Ae. albopictus (seven females and two males) did not allow for detailed evaluation.ConclusionsAe. aegypti is well established within the urban area studied, and the frequency of isolation is higher inside the houses. Female density was directly proportional to the number of residents in the houses. Our data show that human population density positively affects the number of Ae. aegypti females within the residence. Meteorological variables also affected mosquito populations. These data indicate a high probability of human-vector contact, increasing the possible transmission and spread of the DEN virus. Entomological indicators of adult females revealed important information complimenting what was obtained with traditional Stegomyia indices. This information should be a part of an interconnected data set for evaluating and controlling the vector.

BackgroundThis study focused on the distribution and abundance of the eggs of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.MethodsEighty ovitraps were exposed for four days of each month in peri- and intradomiciliary environments of 40 urban residences on 20 street blocks that were drawn monthly in Sebastião, SP, between February 2011 and February 2012. The monthly distribution of positive ovitrap indices (POI) and mean egg counts per trap (MET) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used to determine the association between the meteorological variables of temperature and rainfall and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count.ResultsThe POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher in peridomiciliary premises. A positive correlation was found between the temperature and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count of this species in domestic environments. There was no difference in the POI and MET of Ae. albopictus between the environments. A positive correlation was found between temperature and positive ovitraps of Ae. albopictus in peridomiciliary premises. The POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher than those of Ae. albopictus.ConclusionsPeridomiciliary premises were the preferred environments for oviposition of Ae. aegypti. The use of ovitraps for surveillance and vector control is reiterated.

IntroduçãoA sociedade moderna tem convivido com processos crescentes e concomitantes de urbanização acelerada, poluição, degradação ambiental, deficiências de infra-estrutura, saneamento e educação. Todos esses fatores podem contribuir para o surgimento de doenças transmitidas por vetores que geram conseqüências indesejáveis para a qualidade de vida da população 1 .Entre as doenças vetoradas, a dengue merece atenção porque, mesmo na forma clássica, gera transtornos físicos para a população, além de grandes gastos de recursos financeiros na tentativa de controle. Quanto à forma grave, há o risco e a ocorrência de óbitos, gerando altos custos para o setor de saúde 2 . Por sua vez, em saúde pública, pouco ou quase nada se consegue sem a participação de todos, e essa participação no caso da dengue refere-se à incorporação do conhecimento sobre a doença não somente pela população em geral, mas também pelos diversos setores da sociedade responsáveis pela produção de descartáveis que podem tornar-se criadouros do mosquito 3 . Por isso, toda a sociedade deve ser engajada no controle da dengue, não somente o serviço público.Atualmente podem ser notadas mudanças na conduta das indústrias em geral por meio da implementação da ISO 14000, incentivo à política dos três "R" (reduzir, reutilizar e reciclar) e implementação de atividades educativas para popula-1696 ARTIGO ARTICLE 1696

Com o objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal de casos de malária autóctone, segundo: densidade parasitária, sintomas e atividade por ocasião da infecção. Foi feito estudo descritivo retrospectivo de 1985 a 2006, nos municípios de Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião e Ilhabela. Os dados foram obtidos na ficha de investigação epidemiológica da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias e Sistema de Informação de Notificação de Agravos à Saúde. Dos 83 casos, 77% eram do sexo masculino. São Sebastião e Caraguatatuba apresentaram maior número de casos. Os indivíduos mais acometidos encontraram-se em idade produtiva com Plasmodium vivax, e densidade parasitária de um parasita a cada dois ou mais campos microscópicos. Lazer foi a atividade mais exercida pelos pacientes por ocasião da infecção. Os principais sintomas foram febre, cefaléia, sudorese e mialgia. Foram registrados 4 indivíduos assintomáticos. Esses dados devem contribuir para a melhoria das ações de descentralização do controle da malária na região considerando-a na suspeita clínica e/ou epidemiológica, laboratório de referência e recursos humanos treinados para o diagnóstico e tratamentos adequados.

OBJECTIVE To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities.METHODS We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients.RESULTS The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00).CONCLUSIONS Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti ’s geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a variação sazonal de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus e testar a associação da abundância das espécies com fatores abióticos. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the seasonal variation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and to estimate the association between the species abundance and abiotic factors. MÉTODOS: METHODS:Tire-traps were kept for a period of 15 days monthly in an urban area of the city of Potim in the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from November 2002 to October 2003. Samples of immature forms were followed up under laboratory conditions for 29 days and species were identified. The association between abundance and temperature, rainfall and air relative humidity was tested using Spearman

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of the quality of publicly supplied water in domestic water tanks on egg laying by female Aedes aegypti. METHODS:Laboratory study on immature Ae. aegypti, collected from watertanks in the municipality of Potim, SP, Southeastern Brazil. Each cage contained three types of water in which eggs could be laid: Three choice per test were simultaneously used to deposit the eggs, ovipositor (A) with water collected from a water tank in Taubaté, ovipositor (B) with distilled water (control) and ovipositor (C) water collected from a water tank in the municipality of Potim. Physiochemical parameters were analyzed. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to analyze the mean number of eggs in each water sample and the Dwass-SteelCritchlow-Fligner test was used in making comparisons. To evaluate egg laying, an ovipositional activity index was adopted. RESULTS:A signifi cant difference in the number of eggs was found between the liquid solutions tested (H = 45; p < 0.0001). The number of eggs found in water tank samples originating from deep wells (C), was statistically superior to water samples from water tanks originating from superfi cial wells (A) (p < 0.0001) and from the Control (C) p < 0.0001. There was no signifi cant difference between the number of eggs in Control (B) and the surface water (A). In all three tests, the fi rst position was the most productive in all tested solutions. Only water sample (C) produced a positive index (0.54), i.e., attractive to egg laying. CONCLUSIONS:Water quality infl uences egg laying by Aedes aegypti. The high concentrations of ammonium nitrate in public water supplies suggest that this chemical component was responsible for attracting pregnant female Aedes aegypti to lay eggs in these environments.

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 41(5):479-484, set-out, 2008 ARTIGO/ARTICLEAedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, mosquitos pertencentes ao subgênero Stegomyia, são espécies que apresentam nichos ecológicos semelhantes. O registro de mudanças na distribuição e abundância da espécie residente seja ela Aedes aegypti ou Aedes albopictus, após o estabelecimento da espécie invasora, sugere a possibilidade da ocorrência do deslocamento competitivo entre as mesmas 3 .A influência da competição intra-específica nessas espécies é reconhecida 2 6 . Segundo Lord 6 , alta densidade larval intraespecífica e escassa disponibilidade de alimento no criadouro causam efeito negativo sobre os indivíduos, conseqüentemente afeta o crescimento populacional de mosquitos. ABSTRACTThis study had the aim of evaluating the effects of intra and interspecies larval competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, survival of larvae time taken to develop and wing length. The experiment was carried out with three densities and five proportions of the species. Aedes aegypti survival was greater than Aedes albopictus survival at intermediate density, while it was lower at high density. Only the time taken for Aedes albopictus to develop was affected. The differences found in comparing the species combinations demonstrated that the mean wing length of Aedes aegypti was generally greater than that of Aedes albopictus. For both species, competition had greater effect on wing length and survival than on the time taken to develop. Aedes aegypti seems to present better competitive capacity than does Aedes albopictus, at intermediate density. Key-words:Aedes aegypti. Aedes albopictus. �ntraspecies competition. �nterspecies competition. Larval density. �ntraspecies competition. �nterspecies competition. Larval density.Além dos efeitos da competição intra-específica, experimentos de competição entre larvas dessas espécies, com diferentes populações geográficas, têm sugerido a ocorrência da competição interespecífica. Há décadas, procura-se explicar e predizer mudanças no padrão populacional dessas espécies, seja pelo estudo da ação da interferência química, tipo e/ou escassez de alimento, densidade larval 1 7 , entre outros fatores. A maior capacidade competitiva foi apontada para Aedes albopictus, em experimentos de laboratório e campo, no uso de dieta natural, folha em decomposição e, principalmente em alta densidade larval 1 5 . Para Aedes aegypti, a superioridade competitiva foi declarada em experimentos de laboratório, no uso de dieta artificial 7 13 .