Background: Kinanthropometry offers to exercise and health professionals a standardized procedure of acquiring surface anatomical measurements that might be used to track changes in body composition. Aim: To describe simple anthropometric indices to monitor body composition changes in amateur and elite athletes, and to provide reference values during the competition phase. Methods: A search of articles indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and SciELO databases using the string body composition AND (anthropometric OR skinfolds OR circumferences OR girth OR estimation equation) AND “body fat”. Inclusion criteria were: quantitative and/or qualitative research published between 2009 and 2020, written in English or Spanish, reporting simple anthropometric indices that included skinfolds, girths, or basic measures in amateur and elite athletes. Results: A total of 51 studies (Price’s index = 66.4%) met all the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. Contrary to the frequent practice, the use of a regression equation might not be accurate to evaluate body composition. To avoid this, anthropometrists should base their analysis on the absolute values of the sum of skinfolds (∑S) and related variables, such as skinfold-corrected girths and lean mass index. While not definitive, because further research is required, the practical recommendations and updated reference values in competition phase provided by this review would contribute to the accurate identification of body composition changes. Conclusions: ∑S and lean mass index have been shown to be valid for monitoring changes in fat mass and fat-free mass, respectively. More research is needed to derive the lean mass index-specific coefficient for each sports population.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar el somatotipo en una muestra de futbolistas universitarias de una institución del norte de México, de acuerdo a su posición en el terreno de juego y compararlo contra el somatotipo de un equipo homólogo latinoamericano. Participaron 19 jugadoras de futbol soccer pertenecientes al equipo representativo de una Universidad del norte de México en la temporada competitiva. Las jugadoras fueron clasificadas por su posición en el campo, en tres categorías: defensas, medias y delanteras. Se determinó el somatotipo a partir de 10 variables antropométricas de acuerdo al método Heath & Carter y se comparó con un referente de jugadoras universitarias campeonas en su país pertenecientes a la Pontificia Universidad de Valparaíso (PUCV). La categoría general de las jugadoras universitarias fue endomorfo – mesomorfico con un somatotipo 4.3-3.6-2.0, y con una distancia somatotipica (SAD) entre grupos mayor a una unidad del referente homologo. Las jugadoras evaluadas presentaron un somatotipo similar por posición de juego con un SAD menor a 1, las defensas y medias fueron endomorfo-mesomorfico, mientras que las delanteras endomorfo-mesomorfo. En el grupo evaluado no existieron diferencias significativas por posición de juego, por lo que se hubiera esperado diferencias por las exigencias dentro del terreno de juego. El componente de adiposidad relativa resultó dominante en la muestra evaluada respecto al referente utilizado en el presente estudio, lo que podría ser un factor que influya en el rendimiento deportivo.Abstract: The aim of the present study was to characterize the somatotype of a sample of university female soccer players from an institution in the north of Mexico according to their position on the field, and to compare them against the somatotype of a similar team from Latin America. A total of 19 soccer players from the university representative team participated in the study, developed during the competitive season. The players were classified in three categories based on their position on the field: defenses, midfielders, and forwards. Anthropometric somatotypes were determined using 10 variables according to the Heath & Carter method, and they were compared with those of athletes from the Pontifical University of Valparaíso (PUCV), who are champions in their country. The overall category of the players evaluated was mesomorphic endomorph with a 4.3-3.6-2.0 somatotype, with a difference bigger than 1 unit in the somatotype distance (SAD) with the PUCV reference team. The evaluated players have a similar somatotype according to their position, where SAD does not show bigger difference than 1. Defenses and midfielders presented mesomorphic-endomorph, whereas forwards mesomorph-endomorph somatotype. In the evaluated group, there were no significant differences by position on the field, which is unexpected considering the different requirements of the game per position. The relative adiposity component proved to be dominant in the players from our sample compared to the reference team, which could be a factor that influences sport performance.
Resumen El incremento de la capacidad aerobia en prepúberes beneficia a la salud y favorece la iniciación deportiva. Sin embargo, existe controversia sobre sí tales mejoras y en qué medida pueden ser inducidas por un entrenamiento físico en prepúberes. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática para identificar los cambios en la capacidad aerobia por efecto del entrenamiento en prepúberes. Se revisaron seis bases de datos electrónicas, acorde al cumplimiento de la declaración PRISMA. Solo 11 artículos cumplieron con los criterios establecidos para su inclusión. Se encontró mejoría de la capacidad aerobia en el 73 % de los estudios; y solo en tres estudios no se observaron cambios debido a detalles metodológicos. Sin embargo, es necesario unificar los programas de entrenamiento, así como el diseño de los estudios para establecer con contundencia el entrenamiento de la capacidad aerobia en prepúberes. Abstract Increase of aerobic capacity in children and adolescents is associated with greater health benefits and promotes the sport initiation. However, it has not been determined whether these changes could be attributed to the physical training or are really induced by the natural maturation process in prepubertal children. The aim of this study was to do a systematic review to identify the changes in aerobic capacity by a physical training program in prepubescents. A systematic review in six electronic databases was performed, according to the accomplishment of the PRISMA declaration. Only 11 articles were selected. Increases in aerobic capacity were found in 73 % of the included articles in the present review; and only in three studies changes were not seen due methodological issues. However, it is necessary to unify training protocols, as well as studies design to establish the aerobic capacity training in prepubescents. Resumo A melhora da capacidade aeróbica em pré-púbere beneficia a saúde e favorece a iniciação esportiva. No entanto, existe controversia sobre essa possível melhoria e em que medida podem ser induzidas pelo treinamento físico em pré-púberes. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para identificar as mudanças na capacidade aeróbica por conta do efeito do treinamento físico em pré-púberes. Foram revisadas seis bases de dados eletrônicas, de acordo com o cumprimento da declaração PRISMA. Somente 11 artigos preencheram os critérios estabelecidos de inclusão. A melhora da capacidade aeróbica foi encontrada em 73% dos estudos; e somente em três estudos não foram observadas alterações devido aos detalhes metodológicos. No entanto, é necessário unificar os programas de treinamento, bem como o desenho dos estudos para estabelecer o treinamento da capacidade aeróbica em pré-púberes.
El dolor muscular tardío (DMT) es uno de los indicadores del daño muscular y regularmente está asociado con la realización de una actividad física desacostumbrada. A través de los años se han buscado diversas formas de contrarrestarlo, entre ellas se encuentra el uso los suplementos nutricionales. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de los suplementos nutricionales en la prevención y tratamiento del DMT. Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos PubMeb, Scopus, SportDiscus y Web of Science, las palabras utilizadas para la búsqueda fueron delayed onset muscle soreness y exercise induced muscle damage combinadas con prevention y/o treatment. Resultados: Se identificaron 1257 estudios de los cuales 43 cumplieron con los criterios establecidos para ser incluidos en la revisión. Los principales suplementos usados son la leche, los ácidos grasos Omega 3 y la curcumina. Del total de estudios analizados, en el 46 % hubo una disminución del DMT con el uso del suplemento. Conclusión: lo suplementos nutricionales analizados no tienen efectividad en la prevención y tratamiento de DMT.Abstract. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is one of the indicators of muscle damage regularly associated with performance in individuals not used to physical activity. Several strategies to counteract DOMS appeared over the years, including the use of nutritional supplements. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of DOMS. Method: a systematic review was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Sport Discuss, and Web of Science databases. Words used for the search were “delayed onset muscle soreness” and “exercise induced muscle damage” combined with “prevention” and / or “treatment”. Results: we identified 1,257 studies, 43 of which met the criteria established to be included in the review. The main supplements used are milk, omega-3 fatty acids, and curcumin. In 46% of the studies analyzed, a decrease in DOMS was shown after using a supplement. Conclusion: the nutritional supplements analyzed have no effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of DOMS.
Physical activity (PA) is a component of total energy expenditure. PA and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) can be estimated by objective techniques (OTs). However, the use of questionnaires is frequent in clinical settings and epidemiological studies. We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to perform a review of studies reporting the reliability and validity of PA questionnaires validated against OTs—doubly labeled water (DLW) or accelerometers—in free-living adults. We selected original articles published between 2009 and 2019 that reported validation studies of PA questionnaires. We identified 53 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Four PA questionnaires were validated against DLW and the remaining against accelerometers. Three questionnaires were compared with both DLW and accelerometer results. The correlation between questionnaire-estimated PAEE and DLW results ranged from r = .22 to r = .46, while that between questionnaire-estimated total PA (TPA) and accelerometer results ranged from r = .11 to r = .54 The intraclass correlation coefficients were between .56 and .84. Despite having good reliability, most of the questionnaires included in this review have shown limited validity for estimating TPA in adults. OTs should be considered as a first option, when possible. Further research is warranted on techniques to obtain more accurate PA and PAEE estimates.
The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between anthropometric somatotype of semiprofessional soccer players from Premier Development League United States team and their position in the field. Methods. Somatotype attitudinal distance (SAD) and somatotype attitudinal mean (SAM) were calculated for fifteen players. The study group included goalkeepers, midfielders, and forwards. Anthropometric somatotype was determined from ten variables Heath & Carter (1990). SAD was calculated for each individual player, and SAM was obtaine d both for each position and the whole team. Results. ANOVA and student's test indicate very similar characteristics for all players, irrespective of field. SAD difference between positions was more than 1 in POR and DEL suggesting a low level of specialization. SAM difference between the study group and elite players compared by position was however less than 1. Conclusions. The Results reported are consistent with position specialization and one of the differences between low performance and elite sports.
Skeletal age (SA) is considered the gold standard to assess the degree of maturation and has been widely used in sports, education and public health areas; however, it requires sophisticated equipment and well-trained technicians. Therefore, it is important to develop non-invasive methods for its evaluation. The aim was to develop an equation to predict SA using the percentage of adult height. SA was measured by Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method, and the percentage of adult height was estimated by two methodologies: Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method (P-TW3) and Khamis-Roche method (P-KR) using 839 schoolchildren of both sexes. Linear regression was used for predicting SA from P-TW3; then P-TW3 was replaced in the equation for P-KR value. Bland–Altman graphs, interclass correlation coefficient and Kappa index were used as validation tests. Model showed a SA predictive capacity of 93.2% in boys and 96.8% in girls. The average differences between SA measured and SA predicted by P-TW3 was 0.0504 (± 0.664) in boys and 0.0144 (± 0.435) in girls (P = 0.229 and 0.667, respectively). When P-TW3 was replaced for P-KR value in the equation, the average differences were − 0.0532 in boys and 0.0850 in girls (P = 0.509 and 0.167 respectively). The present model, based on the percentage of adult height, showed an adequate estimation of SA in children and adolescents and it can be used in the absence of bone X-ray equipment, in healthy boys aged 9 to 15 and girls 8 to 13.
A systematic review was carried out with the objective to analyze the workloads of the high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols in treadmill, in order to identify the most used intensity percentages, administered in people with overweight or obesity; a bibliographic search was performed in SCOPUS, Web of Science, EBSCO, SCIELO and PUBMED databases. Inclusion criteria were: original experimental studies, where one or more HIIT protocols in treadmill were administered on population with overweight or obesity, regardless their age; studies made in athletes or using functional exercises were excluded. Eight articles were considered for this review from a total of 678 articles detected. All of them reported the administration of HIIT protocols at intensities between 80% and 95% of HRmax, HRpeak, calculated HRmax, or HRreserve; with short (30 seconds) to large (4 minutes) high intensity intervals. It is concluded that HIIT on a treadmill can be used on people with overweight or obesity due to its efficacy and safeness at high intensity levels and can provide optimal results in body composition, cardio respiratory fitness and other parameters such as IL-6 and TNFalpha, in addition to reduce systolic blood pressure. Bibliographic referencesAlarcón Hormazábal, M., Delgado Floody, P., Castillo Mariqueo, L., Thuiller Lepelegy, N., Bórquez Becerra, P., Sepúlveda Mancilla, C., & Rebolledo Quezada, S. (2016). Efectos de 8 semanas de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad sobre los niveles de glicemia basal, perfil antropométrico y VO2 máx de jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso u obesidad. Nutrición hospitalaria. 33(2): 284–288.Andreato, L. V., Esteves, J. V., Coimbra, D. R., Moraes, A. J. P., & de Carvalho, T. (2019). The influence of high‐intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis. 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