Entrenamiento de la capacidad aerobia en prepúberes. Revisión sistemática.

Abstract

Resumen El incremento de la capacidad aerobia en prepúberes beneficia a la salud y favorece la iniciación deportiva. Sin embargo, existe controversia sobre sí tales mejoras y en qué medida pueden ser inducidas por un entrenamiento físico en prepúberes. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática para identificar los cambios en la capacidad aerobia por efecto del entrenamiento en prepúberes. Se revisaron seis bases de datos electrónicas, acorde al cumplimiento de la declaración PRISMA. Solo 11 artículos cumplieron con los criterios establecidos para su inclusión. Se encontró mejoría de la capacidad aerobia en el 73 % de los estudios; y solo en tres estudios no se observaron cambios debido a detalles metodológicos. Sin embargo, es necesario unificar los programas de entrenamiento, así como el diseño de los estudios para establecer con contundencia el entrenamiento de la capacidad aerobia en prepúberes. Abstract Increase of aerobic capacity in children and adolescents is associated with greater health benefits and promotes the sport initiation. However, it has not been determined whether these changes could be attributed to the physical training or are really induced by the natural maturation process in prepubertal children. The aim of this study was to do a systematic review to identify the changes in aerobic capacity by a physical training program in prepubescents. A systematic review in six electronic databases was performed, according to the accomplishment of the PRISMA declaration. Only 11 articles were selected. Increases in aerobic capacity were found in 73 % of the included articles in the present review; and only in three studies changes were not seen due methodological issues. However, it is necessary to unify training protocols, as well as studies design to establish the aerobic capacity training in prepubescents. Resumo A melhora da capacidade aeróbica em pré-púbere beneficia a saúde e favorece a iniciação esportiva. No entanto, existe controversia sobre essa possível melhoria e em que medida podem ser induzidas pelo treinamento físico em pré-púberes. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para identificar as mudanças na capacidade aeróbica por conta do efeito do treinamento físico em pré-púberes. Foram revisadas seis bases de dados eletrônicas, de acordo com o cumprimento da declaração PRISMA. Somente 11 artigos preencheram os critérios estabelecidos de inclusão. A melhora da capacidade aeróbica foi encontrada em 73% dos estudos; e somente em três estudos não foram observadas alterações devido aos detalhes metodológicos. No entanto, é necessário unificar os programas de treinamento, bem como o desenho dos estudos para estabelecer o treinamento da capacidade aeróbica em pré-púberes.

Strength and VO2max Changes by Exercise Training According to Maturation State in Children

“…Most studies based on physical interventions at a young age do not consider SMI; instead, sexual maturation, which identifies the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and the onset of puberty, has been commonly used, but no increments in physical fitness have been reported. In a recent systematic review, an increase in VO 2 max/VO 2 peak in prepubertal subjects (determined exclusively by sexual maturation) was observed in eight out of 11 selected studies because of the effect of physical training [ 12 ]. In that systematic review, VO 2 max/VO 2 peak increased between 7 and 8% in the analyzed articles, similar to the present study, where the gains of VO 2 max were 7%.…”

“…Exclusion criteria were (a) schoolchildren who were participating in a sport program; (b) who were on a diet program; (c) who had presented a criterion by the Physical Activity Readiness-Questionnaire for Children (PARQ); and (d) the presence of cardiovascular or metabolic diseases as well as muscular, bone, or joint alteration. Previously, the sample size estimate was 13 subjects based on , where Z α /2 corresponds to the level of statistical significance; Z β represents the desired power; S 2 represents the variance of VO 2 max changes by a training program; and d represents the difference in the mean (values of VO 2 max pre- and post-intervention, which were taken from a systematic review developed by Flores et al 2019) [ 12 ].…”

“…All participants granted their informed consent of voluntary participation and the parents/guardians signed the respective informed written consent. , where Z α/2 corresponds to the level of statistical significance; Z β represents the desired power; S 2 represents the variance of VO 2 max changes by a training program; and d represents the difference in the mean (values of VO 2 max pre-and post-intervention, which were taken from a systematic review developed by Flores et al 2019) [12].…”