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Objective: To evaluate the effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the quality and amount of tear, intraocular pressure (IOP) and retrobulbar blood flow velocities. Patients and Methods: Twenty women aged between 40 and 50 years, free of ocular and systemic diseases and planning to receive HRT were recruited as the study group. Twenty-four healthy, age-matched but still menstruating women were enrolled as controls. On the first day of study basal and reflex Schirmer test, tear break-up time and IOP measurements (at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 h) were performed for all groups. On the second day of the study, the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistivity index (RI) of the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), nasal (NSPCA) and temporal short posterior ciliary (TSPCA) arteries were determined by color Doppler imaging. The menopausal group received HRT for 2 months, when all measurements were repeated for the 15 women who had received HRT on a daily basis. Results: The quality and amount of tear decreased (p < 0.01), IOP (p < 0.01) and RI of the CRA, TPCA and NPCA (p < 0.05) increased in postmenopausal women compared with the control group. After 2 months of HRT, the quality and amount of tear had increased (p < 0.001) and the IOP had decreased (p < 0.001). The PSV of the CRA and TSPCA had decreased (p < 0.05), as had the RI in the CRA (p < 0.001), NSPCA and TSPCA (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that age-induced changes on quality and amount of tear, IOP and retrobulbar blood flow are intensified by the menopause and that it may be possible to decrease the menopausal effects on these parameters by HRT.

In vertical deviations resulting from superior oblique palsy, ATIO was found to be more effective than DIO in the reduction of primary-position hypertropia.

When dealing with keratitis in children, acanthamoeba should be considered even without history of contact lens usage or trauma.

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Povidone iodine in both 5% and 10% concentrations demonstrates severe toxicity when one drop of either concentration is placed directly in the anterior chamber. When povidone iodine is used in preparing the eye for intraocular surgery and as an alternative to postoperative antibiotics, the inadvertent leakage of povidone iodine into the anterior chamber must definitely be prevented.

A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in patients without cat scratch SUMMARY Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a syndrome which is characterized by lymphadenopathy, fever, and skin lesions in association with a cat scratch or bite. Bartonella henselae is the primary bacterial agent responsible for CSD. Here we report serologically proven atypical presentation cases of B henselae neuroretinitis. In this study, three neuroretinitis patients were evaluated.Animal contact histories, ocular examinations, systemic work-up, clinical findings, and treatment compliance of the patients were assessed. All the patients denied a history of a cat or any animal contact, or of having CSD findings. Serologic testing with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used for diagnosis of Bartonella neuroretinitis. IFA test results were positive for all patients. Two of the patients were treated with antibiotics. Optic disc edema and macular exudates resolved gradually, and at their last follow-up visits, all the signs had disappeared. There was no disease recurrence after finishing treatment. Serious complications were seen in the untreated patient. In conclusion, even though there may be a lack of systemic signs and symptoms of CSD in a patient with neuroretinitis, B henselae infection should be considered.

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