The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the mineral composition of leaves, initial growth, and yield of peach (Prunus persica) tree advanced selections grown at a high-planting density. The experiment was carried out between 2012 and 2015 in a randomized complete block design, with a combination of advanced selections of the 'Cascata 1513' and 'Cascata 1067' peach trees and of N fertilization doses (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg ha-1 N). Green weight after pruning, diameter, and increase of trunk diameter, canopy volume, plant height, branch length, number of buds per centimeter of shoot, chlorophyll index, leaf area, rust incidence, average production, number of fruit, and mass of fruit were evaluated. Genotype affects the vegetative growth and productive performance of peach trees. The application of N to dense peach orchards promotes a greater vegetative growth of the plants and increases the content of the nutrient in leaves. The initial production is affected by N fertilization. The recommendation of N fertilization made to date is insufficient for peach trees at high-density management systems of production.

ABSTRACT

RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do volume de alvéolos em bandejas no crescimento, no desenvolvimento de mudas e na produção de frutas do morangueiro. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro volumes de alvéolos (50; 100; 180 e 312 mL) e duas cultivares ('Camarosa' e 'Aromas'), em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, nove plantas por parcela, conduzido no período entre abril e dezembro de 2011. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: qualidade, crescimento, desenvolvimento das mudas e produção de frutas. Mudas com torrão produzidas em recipientes com maior volume de alvéolos proporcionaram maior precocidade e produção, em decorrência do maior diâmetro da coroa e a massa seca de parte aérea e raízes. Obteve-se correlação significativa entre a massa seca de raízes, massa seca da parte aérea e o diâmetro da coroa com a produção precoce de frutas. A qualidade da muda influencia diretamente na precocidade e na produção de frutas de morangueiro. Termos para indexação: Fragaria x ananassa, propagação, mudas nacionais, qualidade, precocidade. GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF STRAWBERRY FROM SEEDLINGS WITH DIFFERENT CLOD VOLUMESABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of alveoli volume in trays on seedling growth and development, and fruit production of strawberry plants. The treatments consisted of four alveoli volumes (50, 100, 180 and 312 ml) and two cultivars ('Camarosa' and 'Aromas') in experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications, nine plants per plot, being conducted between April and December 2011. Were evaluated the ensuing parameters: quality, seedling growth and development and fruit yield. Seedlings in clods produced in containers with larger alveoli volume provided greater earliness and yield, due to increase in crown diameter, and dry mass of shoots and roots. We obtained a significant correlation between roots dry mass, shoot dry mass and crown diameter with the early fruit yield. The seedlings quality directly influence on the earliness and fruit yield of strawberry.

In the society man uses energy intensively, human being is completely dependent of energy resources he/she utilizes. Nowadays the society of consumption and production leads to a daily abundant use of available resources on earth. It turns into many forms, such as light, heat, electrical, mechanical, chemical and nuclear. At the end of 20th century, it was almost unanimously agreed, abundant use of these resources have a negative impact on the planet, like the global warming or the greenhouse effect. The reserves of fossil fuels started to show signs of extinction. Due to indicated reasons, the development of many renewable energies have been started. Anyway, a question what energy composition or "mix" is the best, remains open. We raise hypothesis, that energy mix used by a country, depends on availability of particular resources and their prices. Hence, the paper is devoted to analysis of energy resources structure and their prices in four developed countries: France, Japan, USA and Germany. Insights about validity of raised hypothesis are being formulated.

Among the factors that affect peach productivity is the proper nutrition of plants, being nitrogen (N) one of the main nutrients for the crop. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on macronutrient leaf contents, plant development and production of different genotypes of peach trees cultivated at high planting density, seeking to recommend the most appropriate concentration. The experiment was conducted between 2016 and 2018 using peach selections ‘Cascata 1513’ and ‘Cascata 1067’ and with nitrogen fertilization concentrations (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N). Pruning mass, trunk diameter, number of fruits per plant, average fruit mass, yield per plant, yield per hectare and leaf macronutrients were evaluated. The increase of N concentration increases the N content in leaves. For the conditions of this experiment the maximum production per plant was obtained for the highest dose of 180 Kg ha of N.

In cultivation of peaches, thinning is conventionally performed on fruits by hand, and needs to be done in a short time and with specialized labor, which increases the operational costs of this practice. Mechanical thinning can be an alternative to manual fruit thinning. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical flower thinning with different equipment in advanced peach orchard. The experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017, combining advanced selections of peach trees and thinning methods. The evaluated variables were percentage of flowers thinning, thinning time, fruit number per plant, plant production, estimated yield, average fruit mass and fruit diameter class. Flower mechanic thinning alters the yield index of peach trees. Mechanical thinning on peach trees was efficient in flower thinning and reduced the practice execution time. Therefore, mechanical thinning is an alternative to the manual fruit thinning of peach trees.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da produção e qualidade dos frutos de cultivares de amoreiras-pretas conduzidas em diferentes sistemas de condução. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 harvests. In the last two seasons it was also rated the fruit soluble solids and harvests. The conduction system influenced the productive behavior of the blackberry, and the system espalier 'T' highest yield and fruit number. Plants conducted in espalier 'T' and espalier had higher production (1357.4 and 1217.8g plant -1 , respectively) and number of fruits (341.7 and 320.6 respectively), since the system without tutor provides fruit with higher average mass. Among the cultivars, the production differed between them, highlighting the 'Tupy' and 'Guarani' with 2098g and 2094g plant -1 , respectively. However, the highest number of fruits per plant was higher in plants ' Guarani', being inversely proportional to the average mass of fruit for this cultivar. Cultivar 'Tupy' had better performance compared to other cultivars. The average number of fruits per plant was higher in plants 'Guarani'. Under the conditions of this study it was concluded that the productive performance of blackberry cultivar depends on the individual and also the conduction system adopted.

-This study aimed to evaluate the growth of plants and the precocity of strawberry production under different root pruning intensities at planting time. Bare roots plants with 12 millimeters crown diameter produced in nurseries from the Patagonia region, Argentina were used. The planting was carried out on May 12 th 2010 into experimental plots with non-fumigated soil. The treatments consisted of three cultivars (Camarosa, Florida Festival and Camino Real) and three pruning intensities (1/3, 2/3 and no pruning) on the total root length of the plants. The experimental design used was a randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial arrangement with three replications and 12 plants per plot and density of 11.1 plants m -2 . Mature fruits were harvested from July 15 th to December 14 th 2010 and the production of fresh fruit was determined. There was no significative interaction between cultivars and pruning intensity. 'Camarosa' and 'Florida Festival' plants showed precocity and had the most abundant and heavier fruits during the precocity period. The different root pruning intensities did not affect the assessed variables. It was concluded that, in order to facilitate strawberry planting of the cultivars Camarosa, Florida Festival and Camino Real root pruning is possible, with no damages on plant growth and development, precocity and early fruit production. Index terms: Fragaria x ananassa, bare root plants, advanced production, root system length, plant quality. PRODUTIVIDADE DO MORANGUEIRO SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES INTENSIDADES DE PODA DO SISTEMA RADICULARRESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de plantas e a precocidade de produção do morangueiro submetido a diferentes intensidades de poda do sistema radicular, no momento do plantio. Foram utilizadas mudas de raízes nuas produzidas em viveiros, na região da Patagônia Argentina, com diâmetro médio da coroa de 12 milímetros. O plantio foi realizado em 12 de maio de 2010, em parcelas experimentais, em solo não fumigado. Os tratamentos abrangeram três cultivares (Camarosa, Florida Festival e Camino Real) e três intensidades de poda (1/3, 2/3 e sem poda) sobre o comprimento total de raízes das mudas, em esquema fatorial 3 × 3, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, 12 plantas por parcela e densidade de 11,1 plantas por m 2 . As frutas foram colhidas maduras, no período entre 15 de julho a 14 dezembro de 2010, sendo determinada a produção de fruta fresca. Não houve interação significativa entre cultivares e intensidades de poda. As plantas das cultivares 'Camarosa' e 'Florida Festival' foram mais precoces e tiveram maior número e peso das frutas durante o período considerado precoce. As diferentes intensidades de poda do sistema radicular não influenciaram as variáveis avaliadas. Concluímos que, para facilitar o plantio de muda de morangueiro das cultivares Camarosa, Florida Festival e Camino Real, é possível fazer a poda do sistema radicular sem prejuízos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, na precocidad...