In a long-term experiment on red-spotted dairy cows using the SCR Heatime HR-IR system, the nature of rumination in animals was studied. The experiment involved 10 dairy cows, which were observed during the year-round physiological cycle.Studies have shown that the phase of the physiological cycle is not significantly affected by the term rumination. Rumination gradually increases after calving from 254 to 510 from 1 to 62 days of lactation, and then stabilizes at 505-509 minutes per day. Then, due to the change in the composition of the diet during the transition from the first to the second phase of lactation, the level of rumination temporarily increases for 5-7 days to 562 minutes, and then stabilizes again at 536-538 minutes.In the third phase of lactation there is a gradual decrease in rumination and at the time of launch it becomes minimal for the second phase - 505 minutes.In the dry phase, rumination gradually decreases close to the time of birth. In some cows, it is completely absent for several hours. After childbirth, the duration of rumination again gradually increases and returns to normal by 45-55 days of lactation.The level of rumination in cows is closely and directly correlated with the content of fiber in the diet. At optimal fiber levels, rumination in cows ranges from 505-540 minutes per day. When the concentration of fiber exceeds the optimal level, it goes beyond the normal level in the greater direction, and the reduction of fiber to less than 16 -18 % of dry matter, becomes insufficient for normal physiological digestion of the diet.The indicator of the term rumination can be used to characterize the norm of fiber concentration in the diet. Rumination and its dynamics can serve as a reliable test of the physiology of digestion of cows and characterize the stressful state of the cow's body. Healthy cows have the highest rumination rates at the time of transition from the second to the third phase of lactation.The intensity of rumination decreases more than twice in the naturally stressful moments of the physiological state of cows during the transition from one phase of the physiological cycle to another, in the last three weeks of pregnancy and during calving.Rumination in cows is directly and closely correlated with the level of fiber in the diet - andan increase in fiber increases the duration of rumination in animals.Reducing the level of fiber in the diet of cows below the optimal level leads to a significant reduction in rumination and its departure from the physiological norm.
The article considers the ways of reducing the formation of greenhouse gases and ammonia in the digestive tract of lactating cows. Reduction of emissions is based on increasing the absorption of nutrients by animals due to the use of our specialized additive that rumen escape proteinand starch protected from disintegration in the rumen. The effect of increasing the absorption of nutrients was confirmed in an experiment on fistula animals. It was found that feeding the developed supplement led to some changes in the digestibility of dietary nutrients. In the rumen, the digestibility of crude protein decreased from 6.52 ± 10.047 % to –15.62 ± 3.047 % and crude fat - from 13.49 ± 10.545 % to 1.33 ± 9.611 %, that indicates an increase in microbial synthesis; and the digestibility of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extractives increased from 73.98 ± 6.995 % to 77.82 ± 8.920 % and from 71.29 ± 5.629 % to 80.71 ± 8.878 %, respectively. Tests of the developed additive under production conditions were also carried out. The productivity of experimental cows directly depended on the level of introduction of the additive TEP-mix to the diet. Along with the increase in milk yield of experimental animals, there was a pronounced trend of increasing fat content and protein content in milk, which indicated a significant improvement in protein and energy nutrition in experimental cows. It was found that during the experiment the milk yield of cows probably increased by 7-137 %. The use of the supplement provided lengthening of the lactation peak plateau and lactation curve from 52 to 61 - 65 days, or 22-25 %. There was also a positive effect of the supplement on the prevention of the syndrome of weight loss of cows; there was a reduction in its losses during the first 100 days of lactation by more than 22-27%. Increasing the nutrient uptake of nutrients by cows provided an equivalent reduction in greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. It was found that when using the additive TEP-mix in feeding lactating cows (feeding 1 kg of additive TEP-mix instead of 1 kg of standard feed) productivity increases by 2.15 kg of milk and reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by 522.54 ± 13.41 g and ammonia per 41 ± 0.13 g per day.
Rumination (duration of cud in cows per day) becomes an effective and reliable test that characterizes the general state of metabolism in their body, the process of digestion and the predicted level of productivity. In an experiment on an array of dairy cows at Petrodolinsky LLC, using a remote electronic control system with a SCR Heatime HR-IR feeding behavior monitoring function, the nature of rumination was observed depending on age in lactations. Studies have found that the average duration of rumination in cows in the herd changes during the lactation period depending on the age in lactations. The array of cows of the first lactation at the time of calving has the lowest rumination value, and its maximum is recorded in cows of the third lactation. By the 30th day of calving, the indicator of rumination activity in cows of all ages levels off, however, it remains the highest in animals of the second lactation. Only by 200 days of the lactation period, the difference in rumination of cows of all ages practically disappears. By the time of lactation cessation before calving, the intensity of rumination in cows of the first lactation again becomes lower than in older animals. It has been established that the first 30 days after calving in cows there is a close correlation between the increase in the amount of rumination and the level of milk yield. At the same time, the correlation coefficient for cows of the first lactation was 0.78, the second - 0.65 and the third - 0.63. When the maximum milk yield is reached (100–120 days of lactation), the correlation coefficient between the nature of rumination and the level of milk yield drops sharply, however, it remains the highest in cows of the first lactation (0.57) versus 0.48 and 0.42 in animals of the second and third lactations . However, in the phase of the second third of lactation, the corresponding indicator remains significant for characterizing the relationship between rumination and milk yield. The connection is significant and direct. After 200 days of lactation, the dependence of milk yield on the nature of rumination decreases even more and the correlation coefficient that determines this indicator is at the level of 0.28 (first lactation), 0.24 - second lactation and 0.23 - third lactation. The results of the research are of significant scientific and practical interest for determining changes in the nature of rumination in cows depending on age in lactation, assessing the age dynamics of the digestion process and establishing the relationship between the nature of rumination and the duration of economic use of animals and productivity. Keywords: cows, rumination, rumination activity, lactation, milk yield.
The article presents the results of research on the reduction of the negative influence of heat stress on the milk productivity of cows in the second half of lactation due to the use of a protein feed additive with protected protein and starch. One of the factors of effective milk production with intensive management of the industry is the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping animals on the farm. Highly productive cows are quite demanding on the conditions of maintenance and microclimate. The study of the productive action of the complex drug Bypass protein + passable starch under the influence of temperature stress was carried out by us for the first time. The influence of the thermal factor of the environment on the productivity of cows is well described in the literature and the mechanisms of such an effect are described. The main consequence of the reaction of cows to temperature stress is a decrease in the consumption of dry matter of feed. This factor becomes the main factor in reducing productivity due to energy and protein deficiency. The same reaction was observed in our studies, both in the control and experimental groups. But we confirmed for the first time that the actions of compensation of temperature stress can be controlled due to the configurations of protein and energy entering the body by bypassing the scar. In our research, it has been proven for the first time that even in the conditions of reduced feed consumption, this way of providing cows with protein and energy is a reliable way of managing the productivity of cows and stabilizing their homeostasis during the period of temperature conditions that are dangerous for the existence of animals. It was established that the decrease in daily milk yield by 1.3 kg is a consequence of the negative influence of the temperature factor, when the daily air temperature in the summer period was at the level of +24.5-36.4 oС. The proof of this is the decrease in the rate of decline in the level of milk productivity of the cows of the experimental groups in August, when the average daily air temperature dropped to +24-26 °C. Modernization of the feeding ration of high-yielding cows by increasing the content of non-degradable protein in the rumen to the norm during temperature stress contributed to better adaptation of animals to productivity and quality indicators of milk. Keywords: protected protein, cows, milk productivity, protein supplement, heat stress.
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