O Maranhão é um estado que se localiza entre o bioma amazônico e o semiárido nordestino e devido sua posição geográfica recebe influência desses dois biomas, dando ênfase as áreas secas do semiárido nordestino é possível observar a grande vulnerabilidade do estado aos focos de calor, correspondente aos fatores climatológicos predominantes desta região.O objetivo do presente artigo é evidenciar a vulnerabilidade do Maranhão a focos de queimadas decorrentes de eventos de secas/estiagem no período de 1998 a 2016. O procedimento metodológico adotado consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica e de busca de dados/informações em instituições que atuam direta e/ou indiretamente com a temática. Os resultados obtidos demonstram dois grandes setores diretamente afetados pela vulnerabilidade do estado aos focos de calor, no âmbito dos impactos socioambientais temos como consequência uma grande perda da biodiversidade, e tendo o mês de agosto de 2012 como o mês de maior índice de focos de calor totalizando 10.392 focos registrados, já nos impactos socioeconômicos destacam-se o total de 156 famílias atingidas e 207 municípios em estado de emergência, contabilizandoum total de 1.176.680 pessoas que foram direta ou indiretamente afetadas.Os impactos da seca no Maranhão são de natureza de dificuldade de acesso à água, perdas na agropecuária, perdas de bens matérias, risco à vida humana e perdas de biodiversidade nos biomas e ecossistemas maranhenses. Um impacto que merece destaque são os focos de calor, uma vez que os dados e pesquisas existentes indicam que sua ocorrência é modulada por eventos de secas.
Episódios de seca estão se tornando cada vez mais comuns atualmente no cenário de mudanças climáticas. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a variabilidade de precipitação e a probabilidade de ocorrência de veranico na Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Paranaense. Como objetivo secundário, analisou-se a ocorrência de um veranico extremo no mês de setembro de 2020. Para isso, foram criados mapas com interpolações para regionalizar as alturas pluviométricas. Criou-se gráficos de box plot e probabilidades para identificar o comportamento pluviométrico regional, além da análise gráfica e sinótica das chuvas de setembro de 2020. A precipitação anual na Mesorregião apresentou distribuição considerável anual e mensal, com valores médios que mostram extrato do balanço hídrico todo positivo. Porém, a região possui grande variabilidade e amplitude de mais de 500mm entre os meses mais chuvosos e mais secos. Na ocorrência de períodos secos, também se identificou valores alarmantes, com agosto apresentando até 60% de probabilidade de veranicos. Reflexo dessa grande variabilidade ocorreu em 2020, cuja série de dados maior que 40 anos, apresentou o mês de setembro mais seco da história.
A study was conducted with a photovoltaic distributed generation system in São Luís, Brazil, to determine the influence of meteorological variables on the generation of energy. The methodology is composed of three stages: the first corresponds to the obtaining, organization, and treatment of the data; the second involves the application of mathematical models to determine the yield, operating temperature, nominal power, and estimated power; and the third is to generate the correlations obtained between the monitored climatic variables, whether on an hourly, daily, monthly, or annual scale. For an average temperature of 27.50ºC in March, it was verified that the ultraviolet radiation was 5.06, while the average of the total radiation was 481.01 W.m-2. The maximum peak temperature was 27.88°C at noon, while the ultraviolet radiation was 8.55 and total radiation was 794.97 W.m-2. At this average temperature variation of 0.38°C, there is a variation of 313.96 W.m-2. It is concluded that, because São Luís is very close to the equator, the conditions to produce the system are favorable, mainly because, on average, there were no abrupt changes in temperature and radiation for the period studied. Even in the wintry period, the production behaved within the parameters designed.
The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the use of remote sensing data for the planning of wind energy projects in Maranhão. Monthly wind speed and precipitation data from 2000 to 2016 were used. Initially, wind velocity data were processed using the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. Next, the grouping technique known as k-means was used. Finally, a linear regression analysis was performed with the objective of identifying the parameters to be used in the validation of the data estimated by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) base against the data measured by the meteorological stations. Four homogeneous zones were identified; the zone with the highest values of monthly average wind speeds is in the northern region of the state on the coast. The period of greatest intensity of the winds was identified to be in the months of October and November. The lowest values of precipitation were observed during these months. The analyses carried out by this study show a favorable scenario for the production of wind energy in the state of Maranhão.
Extreme precipitation events cause severe damage in both urban and rural areas. The purpose of this work was to analyze rainfall variability and detect the extremes of precipitation and droughts occurrences and relate them to ENSO phenomena in the Central North Mesoregion of Paraná (MRNCP). We used data from 44 weather stations distributed in the area of the study, from 1976 to 2018. Based on the results, it was identified the precipitation has regional discrepancies, concentrating the highest rainfall in the southern portion. The highest annual precipitation was highly correlated with the periods identified as El Niño, and then in neutrality. There were large occurrences of drought by decent, with emphasis on the winter months, especially in August. High rainfall heights recorded within 24 hours in all regions analyzed, especially in the summer and spring months.
Cryptococcosis is an invasive mycosis triggered by a complex of fungal pathogens present in various environmental niches. Cryptococcus neoformans, C. gattii, and emerging pathogens such as C. laurentii and C. albidus are found in aged excreta of Columba livia (pigeon), its natural disseminator. As the pigeon population has increased in São Luís, the objective of this research was to demonstrate the presence of Cryptococcus spp. in the excreta of C. livia in public environments. Twenty-three samples were collected at 14 sites, dispensed into conical tubes, homogenized with saline and chloramphenicol, and allowed to rest until processing. Twenty-four hours after collection, aliquots were distributed in a fungal culture medium and incubated. The macromorphological examination revealed levaduriform, mucoid, bright, isolated colonies compatible with Cryptococcus spp. In the micromorphological examination, 11 of the 23 samples (42.85%) showed the presence of cells with a thick, refringent capsule and mucopolysaccharide around the blastoconidia, typical of Cryptococcus spp. fungi. The other samples (57.14%) were negative for the fungus. The environmental isolation of this fungus in public areas is relevant to public health since the growing pigeon population in São Luís increases the risk of exposure and infection by dispersion of infectious propagules in the environment.
Extreme precipitation events cause severe damage in both urban and rural areas. The objective of this work was to analyze rainfall variability, understand the dynamics of extreme precipitation events and to find out the occurrence of floods, runoff and inundation in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (MRC). Data from 39 rainfall stations distributed in the MRC area were used, as well as data by municipality of occurrence of flooding, runoff or inundation, from 1976 to 2018. Extreme precipitation events were identified in all months, most frequently in the summer. Totaling 48 decrees of emergency or public calamity and 397,516 people affected by one of the three socioenvironmental disasters.
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