Abstract:: Muscle specific miRNAs, which are known as MyomiRs, are crucial regulatory elements for cardiovascular development. MyomiRs are abundantly expressed in the myocardium. myomiRs regulate certain aspects of physiological and pathological processes in myocardiocytes including cardiovascular development, myocardial remodeling and arise for cardiovascular diseases through different mechanisms such as epigenetic pathways. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the myomiRs as promising diagnostic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cardiac disorders. In this review, we summarized recent findings linking to epigenetic modulations of myomiRs and cardiac regeneration associated with cardiac diseases.
CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful gene-editing technology. Extensive scientific data exist that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can target small, non-coding, active RNA molecules including microRNAs [miRNAs]. miRNAs have been recognized as key regulators of different cell biological processes, such as modulation of fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the regulation of cardiomyocytes. Also, it has been demonstrated that miRNAs strongly affect organ evolution and the concentration of miRNAs can involve in the differentiation, development, and function of different organs. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that miRNAs can select and control their targets based on their own concentrations. CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology is a stronger system for stopping miRNAs than previous methods including antisense inhibitors. CRISPR/Cas9 tools can be used to eliminate small areas of DNA and determine miRNA in cases where similar groups of miRNAs are in the same strand. Herein, besides other emerging strategies we critically summarize the recent investigations linking miRNA-targeted therapeutics and CRISPR/Cas9 system, to precisely clarify and combine different delivery platforms and cell-fate engineering of miRNAs function and miRNA-based therapeutic intervention in cardiac development, function, and disease. Based on our findings from the literature, it appears that the use of the CRISPR/Cas technology provides new perspectives for understanding the molecular mechanism of cardiovascular disease and can be effective in the treatment and control of cardiac development, function, and disease in the future.
Background : Proteases are the most important industrial enzymes with diverse applications in. Bacteria, such as Bacillus, commonly used to produce protease for industrial purposes. Proteases are commercially exploited in large-scale, especially in pharmaceutical, food, leather and detergent industries. Objective: The aim of this study was screening and optimization of protease enzyme activity produced by local bacteria. Method: In this research, the effect of incubation time, temperature and initial pH were investigated to improve the extracellular protease enzyme activity by two bacteria, named Bacillus subtilis strain DAR and Alkalihalobacillus hwajinpoensis strain 3NB. These two isolates have already been isolated and registered from Iran. Results: The results indicated that the optimum incubation time for protease activity in B. subtilis strain DAR is 36 h in contrast to 40 h in Alkalihalobacillus hwajinpoensis strain 3NB. The optimum incubation temperatures for enzyme activity for B. subtilis and Alkalihalobacillus hwajinpoensis is 50°C and 40°C, respectively. Optimum pH conditions for protease activity for both of the bacteria is 8. Conclusion: In current study, we investigated the optimum incubation time, pH and temperature for best protease activity. Further studies are recommended to improve protease activity through changing enzyme substrates.
Today, we see an increase in death due to cardiovascular diseases all over the world, which has a lot to do with the regulation of oxygen homeostasis. Also, hypoxia-inducing factor 1 (HIF-1) is considered a vital factor in hypoxia and its physiological and pathological changes. HIF-1 is involved in cellular activities, including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death in endothelial cells (ECs) and cardiomyocytes. Similar to HIF-1α, which acts as a protective element against various diseases in the cardiovascular system, the protective role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has also been proved using animal models. The number of miRNAs identified in the regulation of gene expression responsive to hypoxia and the importance of investigating the involvement of the non-coding genome in cardiovascular diseases is increasing, which shows the issue's importance. In this study, the molecular regulation of HIF-1 by miRNAs is considered to improve therapeutic approaches in clinical diagnoses of cardiovascular diseases.
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