Subtribe Vrieseinae comprise four genera, Alcantarea, Stigmatodon, Vriesea s.s. and Waltillia, encompassing c. 20% of species in Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae), almost all of which are exclusive to Brazil. Here, we explore the biogeographic history of Vrieseinae, sampling 21 of the 22 genera of Tillandsioideae (130 terminals) and three DNA sequence markers (two plastid: rps16-trnK and matK; one nuclear: PHYC). We inferred a dated phylogeny and the ancestral areas of this lineage through RASP (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogeny) analyses. Vrieseinae were recovered as monophyletic, but tribe Vrieseeae (subtribe Vrieseinae + subtribe Cipuropsidinae) were not. A vicariant event between the Andes and Brazilian Shield probably occurred c. 10 Mya, when two clades, Cipuropsidineae + Tillandsieae and Vrieseineae, diverged. The Atlantic Forest plus the Chacoan region is recognized as the ancestral area for Vrieseinae. The results confirmed the recent origin of genera of Vrieseinae, with estimated crown ages in the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Mya). We propose that the Paranaean Sea influenced the divergence of the main clades; Pleistocene events were probably responsible for the diversification of the most recent clades. This study sheds light on the biogeographic history of a key group of Neotropical plants, providing a new hypothesis for the evolution of bromeliads.

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ResumoAs restingas são planícies arenosas ao longo da costa litorânea que exibem uma rica e peculiar vegetação. As Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae e Urticaceae nativas do Brasil englobam plantas herbáceas a lenhosas que ocorrem preferencialmente em ambientes em regeneração. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica especializada, consultas a herbários e pesquisas de campo, objetivou-se descrever as espécies e reconhecer a distribuição, o habitat e o estado de conservação das espécies dessas famílias nas restingas fluminenses. Ulmaceae está representada por duas espécies, distribuídas em dois gêneros, Cannabaceae por quatro espécies em dois gêneros, e Urticaceae por seis espécies em quatro gêneros. Na formação de mata seca acham-se presentes oito espécies, na arbustiva fechada seis e na mata inundável uma. Dessas, sete encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção: Ampelocera glabra Kuhlm., Cecropia glaziovi Snethl, Celtis spinosa Spreng., Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew, Phyllostylon brasiliense Capan. ex Benth, Urera aurantiaca Wedd e U. nitida (Vell.) Brack. Palavras-chave: Urticales, conservação, Mata Atlântica. AbstractRestingas are sandy coastal plains with a rich flora and distinct vegetation types. The native Brazilian Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae and Urticaceae include herbs, shrubs and trees from early regeneration stages. Specialized bibliography, herbarium material and field collections were used to describe the species and to determine distribution, habitat and current conservation status of species from the sandy coastal plains of Rio de Janeiro state. There are two genera and two species of Ulmaceae, two genera and four species of Cannabaceae, and four genera and six species of Urticaceae. Eight species occur in the Dry Forest Formation, six in Dense Scrub and one in Swamp Forest. Of these species, seven are threatened with extinction: Ampelocera glabra Kuhlm., Cecropia glaziovi Snethl, Celtis spinosa Spreng., Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew, Phyllostylon brasiliense Capan. ex Benth, Urera aurantiaca Wedd and U. nitida (Vell.) Brack.

Ficus sect. Americanae has ca. 160 accepted species and approximately 650 binomials in the neotropical region, many of which do not have a clearly designated holotype, lectotype, or neotype. In the present study, we revised all names of F. americana and allied species. With this, we designated a neotype for F. rojasi and lectotypes for the 22 following names: Ficus americana subsp. subapiculata, F. anacardiifolia, F. aureo-brunnea, F. bunquensis, F. chiribiquetensis, F. chiriquiana, F. coerulescens, F. corpulenta, F. cundinamarcensis, F. fresnoensis, F. eugeniifolia, F. jacquiniifolia, F. liebmanniana, F. maitin, F. maroana, F. martinii, F. microclada, F. oblanceolata, F. oerstediana, F. prinoides, F. splendens, and F. umbonigera.

The infrageneric nomenclature of Ficus, the largest genus in the Moraceae, is reviewed. We call attention to three overlooked subgeneric names, F. subg. Terega Raf., F. subg. Sycomorus Raf. and F. subg. Spherosuke Raf., and four sectional names, F. sect. Cordifoliae G. Don, F. sect. Pogonotrophe (Miq.) Miq., F. sect. Platyphyllae Mildbr. & Burret and F. sect. Urostigma (Endl.) Griseb., that have priority over other long‐used subgeneric and sectional names. We also effect a new combination into Ficus based on Urostigma sect. Apiosycea Miq. In addition, we designate types for 6 generic and 17 infrageneric names.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

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Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with about 37,000 species of land plants. Part of this biodiversity is within protected areas. The development of online databases in the last years greatly improved the available biodiversity data. However, the existing databases do not provide information about the protected areas in which individual plant species occur. The lack of such information is a crucial gap for conservation actions. This study aimed to show how the information captured from online databases, cleaned by a protocol and verified by taxonomists allowed us to obtain a comprehensive list of the vascular plant species from the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia", the first national park founded in Brazil. All existing records in the online database JABOT (15,100 vouchers) were downloaded, resulting in 11,783 vouchers identified at the species level. Overall, we documented 2,316 species belonging to 176 families and 837 genera of vascular plants in the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia". Considering the whole vascular flora, 2,238 species are native and 78 are non-native. The "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia" houses 13% of the angiosperm and 37% of the fern species known from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Amongst these species, 82 have been cited as threatened, following IUCN categories (CR, EN or VU), seven are data deficient (DD) and 15 have been classified as a conservation priority, because they are only known from a single specimen collected before 1969.