A checklist of angiosperm species for the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil is presented. A total of 6,204 native species was recorded, representing an increase of 16% in species richness for the area. Espírito Santo shelters 32% of the native species of Brazil's Atlantic Forest and holds 516 endemic species (8.3% of the total registered taxa for the State). Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae are the families with highest number of endemic species (142 spp. and 80 spp., respectively), followed by Myrtaceae (33 spp.), Melastomataceae (30 spp.), and Araceae (23 spp.). This paper represents an important landmark for future research in plant diversity in Espírito Santo, and highlights the importance of consulting online databases in order to update the knowledge presented by the Brazilian flora checklist. Key words: Brazil, endemism, floristics, species richness, virtual herbarium. ResumoUma listagem de angiospermas do estado do Espírito Santo é apresentada, incluindo um total de 6.204 espécies nativas, representando um aumento de 16% na riqueza de espécies registrada para o Estado. O Espírito Santo abriga 32% das espécies nativas da Floresta Atlântica e apresenta 516 espécies endêmicas (8.3% do total registrado para o Estado). As famílias Bromeliaceae e Orchidaceae apresentam o maior número de espécies endêmicas (142 spp. e 80 spp., respectivamente), seguidas por Myrtaceae (33 spp.), Melastomataceae (30 spp.) e Araceae (23 spp.). Os resultados representam um importante marco para futuras pesquisas em diversidade de plantas no Espírito Santo e destacam a importância de consultar as plataformas virtuais para atualização da Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Palavras-chave: Brasil, endemismo, flora, herbários virtuais, riqueza de espécies.

ResumoUm checklist das espécies de Angiospermas provenientes do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brasil é apresentado. As coletas foram realizadas quinzenalmente durante o período de 2012 a 2015 e as amostras botânicas estão depositadas no Herbário VIES. Os resultados estão apresentados em forma de lista com um total de 562 espécies distribuídas em 345 gêneros e 110 famílias com suas respectivas formas de vida: arbustos e árvores; ervas terrestres; trepadeiras; epífitas e hemiepífitas; ervas aquáticas, parasitas (holo-e hemi-) e micoheterótrofas (saprófitas). Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Bignoniaceae e Melastomataceae são as famílias mais ricas em número de espécies. Os gêneros Eugenia (16 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Passiflora (10 spp.) (Passifloraceae), Myrcia (9 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Cyperus (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) e Miconia (Melastomataceae) (6 spp., cada) são os mais representativos. A maioria dos checklists anteriormente realizados para o Espírito Santo apresenta números subestimados para a diversidade taxonômica de plantas. Os resultados aqui evidenciados confirmam a enorme importância ecológica das restingas na Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas. Palavras-chave: Inventários florísticos, neotrópicos, restingas. AbstractThis paper provides a floristic inventory of Angiosperms reported from Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The inventory was performed with fortnightly fieldwork from 2012 to 2015. The samples collected are available at the herbarium VIES. A checklist with 562 species, from 345 genera and 110 families is provided. Lifeforms categories were established: shrubs and trees; terrestrial herbs; herbaceous and woody climbers; epiphytes and hemiepiphytes; aquatic herbs, parasites (holo-and hemi-), and myco-heterotrophs (saprophytes). Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Melastomataceae presented the greatest species richness. The genera Eugenia (16 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Passiflora (10 spp.) (Passifloraceae), Myrcia (9 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Cyperus (7 spp.), and Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) and Miconia (Melastomataceae) (6 spp., each) presented the greatest species richness. Most of the previous checklists elaborated in the Espírito Santo state have underestimated plant species diversity. This floristic inventory confirms the ecological value of the restingas in the Atlantic Forest located at Parque Estadual de Itaúnas.

The Atlantic Forest is a phytogeographic domain with a high rate of endemism and large species diversity. The Sapotaceae is a botanical family for which species identification in the Atlantic Forest is difficult. An approach that facilitates species identification in the Sapotaceae is urgently needed because this family includes threatened species and valuable timber species. In this context, DNA barcoding could provide an important tool for identifying species in the Atlantic Forest. In this work, we evaluated four plant barcode markers (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region - ITS) in 80 samples from 26 species of Sapotaceae that occur in the Atlantic Forest. ITS yielded the highest average interspecific distance (0.122), followed by trnH-psbA (0.019), matK (0.008) and rbcL (0.002). For species discrimination, ITS provided the best results, followed by matK, trnH-psbA and rbcL. Furthermore, the combined analysis of two, three or four markers did not result in higher rates of discrimination than obtained with ITS alone. These results indicate that the ITS region is the best option for molecular identification of Sapotaceae species from the Atlantic Forest.

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ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo taxonômico das espécies de Burmanniaceae e Gentianaceae encontradas na Usina São José. As coletas foram realizadas em seis fragmentos florestais entre 2007 e 2009, além do levantamento dos herbários locais. Foram encontradas três espécies de Burmanniaceae: Apteria aphylla, Gymnosiphon divaricatus e G. sphaerocarpus; e quatro de Gentianaceae: Coutoubea spicata, Voyria caerulea, V. obconica e V. tenella. Apenas C. spicata é autótrofa; as demais são mico-heterótrofas. As espécies foram encontradas apenas nos maiores remanescentes e as espécies mico-heterótrofas mostraram-se potenciais bioindicadoras de ambientes conservados. Gymnosiphon sphaerocarpus constitui o primeiro registro para o Brasil. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica, mico-heterótrofas, Nordeste do Brasil, saprófitas. ABSTRACTA taxonomic study was made of Burmanniaceae and Gentianaceae from the Usina São José. Collecting was done in six forest fragments, from 2007 to 2009; vouchers from local herbaria were also studied. Three species of Burmanniaceae (Apteria aphylla, Gymnosiphon divaricatus, and G. sphaerocarpus) and four of Gentianaceae (Coutoubea spicata, Voyria caerulea, V. obconica, and V. tenella) were found. Only C. spicata is autotrophic, the others are myco-heterotrophic. Specimens were found only in the largest fragments and the myco-heterotrophs can be considered potential bioindicators of preserved environments. Gymnosiphon sphaerocarpus is recorded for the first time in Brazil.

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This paper provides descriptions and illustrations of two new species of Pouteria from the Atlantic forest of Bahia, Brazil (P. atlántica and P. trifida). In addition, distribution maps and a table with main characters to distinguish the new species from related taxa are also included. Pouteria atlántica is characterized by large trichomes that cover the corolla lobes, anther's outer surface, and form tufts on the apex of anthers. Pouteria trifida is distinguished by its long petioles and trifid staminodes. Due to intense deforestation in the Atlantic forest, preliminary IUCN red list assessments are provided. Pouteria atlántica is proposed in the IUCN status critically endangered (CR), while the data for P. trifida are still insufficient.

Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with about 37,000 species of land plants. Part of this biodiversity is within protected areas. The development of online databases in the last years greatly improved the available biodiversity data. However, the existing databases do not provide information about the protected areas in which individual plant species occur. The lack of such information is a crucial gap for conservation actions. This study aimed to show how the information captured from online databases, cleaned by a protocol and verified by taxonomists allowed us to obtain a comprehensive list of the vascular plant species from the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia", the first national park founded in Brazil. All existing records in the online database JABOT (15,100 vouchers) were downloaded, resulting in 11,783 vouchers identified at the species level. Overall, we documented 2,316 species belonging to 176 families and 837 genera of vascular plants in the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia". Considering the whole vascular flora, 2,238 species are native and 78 are non-native. The "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia" houses 13% of the angiosperm and 37% of the fern species known from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Amongst these species, 82 have been cited as threatened, following IUCN categories (CR, EN or VU), seven are data deficient (DD) and 15 have been classified as a conservation priority, because they are only known from a single specimen collected before 1969.