This experiment was conducted to evaluate the level of antigens protein contained in the crude thoraxial glandular protein (TGP) extract of Stomoxys calcitrans which function as immunity enhancer in young horses. The detection of protein content of the thoraxial glandular samples was performed by using a spectrophotometer Nano Drop-1000. This result showed that the lowest level of antigen protein was 0.54 mg/mL, the highest was 72 mg/mL, and the average was 0.675 mg/mL. Six foals were used and divided into two groups. The first group was treated with a solution of 100 μg of TGP by subcutaneous injection, the other group acted as control. The TGP extract was injected on the first day of the experiment. Three ml of blood were sampled from the jugular vein on the 14th day after TGP injection. The blood sampled was centrifuged and its serum placed in micro-tubes to observe the IgG level. The injection of TGP had a significant effect on the IgG level of the experiment animals (P<0.05). This experiment emphasized an important relation between entomology and animal husbandry; health improvement in the young animals was observed after the injection of the insect antigen, so it can be concluded that crude thoraxial glandular proteins of S. calcitrans can be used to improve the immunoglobulin-G circulation in foals.
Honey bees (Apis spp.) are social insects that possess unique gut microbiota community. There are three main phyla that dominate the honey bees gut microbiota; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in which several species among them belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In general, some species of LAB can be developed as potential probiotics due to their capability to produce bioactive compounds such as organic acid (lactic acid, acetate acid and formic acid), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), ethanol, enzymes, benzoate, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), free fatty acid, and volatile compounds that in a synergistic action work as broad-spectrum antimicrobials toward several pathogens. Several strains of LAB that living in symbiosis within the digestive tract of honey bees have been isolated, among them are quite promising to be developed as probiotics. Multiple studies have shown the inhibitory effect of LAB from honey bees against pathogenic microorganisms. Formic acid and lactic acid produced by symbiotic LAB could decrease the environmental pH of wounds, therefore prevent the growth of pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, the volatile compound produced by LAB is toxic, while H 2 O 2 in small numbers is needed for optimal wound recovery. LAB capable of producing broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds such as Serratia marcescens, Eschericia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., S. aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, LAB possess antioxidant activity and to adhere the epithelial cells. This paper aimed to discuss varieties of LAB from the digestive tract of honey bees and their potential as probiotics that could benefit healthcare.
UTILIZATION OF “GEDI LEAF (Abelmoschus Manihot (L) Medik) AS“ADDITIVE” IN DRINKING WATER RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF INDONESIAN SUPER NATIVE CHICKEN. Research was done to evaluate the performance of Indonesian super native chicken treated with “Gedi” leaf (Abelmoschus Manihot (L) Medik) as“Additive” in drinking water. Study was conducted using hundred individuals of the Indonesian super native day old chicken. The juice of “Gedi” leaf (Abelmoschus Manihot (L) Medik) was given as in forms of the four treatments as follows, drinking water without “Gedi” leaf as control (P0), drinking water with 10 ml juice of “Gedi” leaf per liter of drinking water (P1), drinking water with 20 ml juice of “Gedi” leaf per liter of drinking water (P2), and drinking water with 30 ml juice of “Gedi” leaf per liter of drinking water (P3). Treatments were applied to the birds at 6 weeks old by completely randomized design five replications at each treatment. Data were taken during 5 weeks. Feeds were using 73 percents of commercial feed added by 10 percents of corn and 17 percents of rice bran with nutritional composition of crude protein 19.49 percents, crude fiber 4.66 percents, fat 3.63 percents, Calcium 1.02 percents, Phosphorus 0.66 percents and metabolic energy of 2920 kcal/kg, all given ad libitum. Variables measurement were focused on feed consumption, drinking water consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion. Results showed that drinking water with 30 ml juice of “Gedi” leaf per liter of drinking water (P3) was not significantly different with other treatments for feed and drinking water consumption, except for average daily gain and feed conversion. The treatments of P1 and P2 were not significantly different for average daily gain, but these treatments were higher in average daily gain compared with control (P0). The highest value of feed conversion was obtained at treatment P3 and the lowest value was found at treatment P1. These values indicated that the best feed conversion was treatment P1. Therefore, it can be concluded that juice of “Gedi” leaf can be used as the alternative additive feed in drinking water up to 20 ml juice of “Gedi” leaf per liter of drinking water in term of high average daily gain and feed conversion of Indonesian super native chicken. Key words: Drinking water, “Gedi” leaf, Indonesian super native chicken.
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the combination of curcuma meal with maggot of insect larvae of Hermetia illucens on accumulative weight gain in native chicken. Methods: This study used 60 starter chickens, which were divided into two groups of 30 chickens as control group (P1) and the other one (P2) that received a supplement of combination of curcuma meals of 350gr/100 kg ration and maggot BSF of 150gr/100 kg ration which was maintained for fourth weeks. The ration was distributed ad libitum. Final weight gain was measured at the end of the study at the fourth week. The data obtained were analyzed by using t-test. The results indicated that the average body weight of experimental chicken P2 was 214 gr significantly higher (P <0.01) than in group P1 was 243 gr. This results show that maggot meal of H. illucens has an important nutrient content and has a positive effect when combining with curcuma meal which is able to increase consumption palatability which has a direct effect on local chicken weight gain. Conclusion: The combination between BSF maggot and curcuma meals supplementation could be applied to local chickens in supporting organic livestock production.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of papain crude extract addition in mash and pellet feed forms on production performance of broiler chickens in order to obtain the best level of extract papain in mash or pellet form. This natural protease enzyme was extracted from unripe papaya. A complete random design was applied in this study and it was arranged with factorial 4*2 and three replications. The treatments were 4 levels of papain (0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 %) and two physical forms of feed (mash and pellet). Broilers production parameters measured were: feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass percentage. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction was highly significant (P<0.01) for feed intake, body weight, carcass percentage respectively while feed conversions have significant interaction (P<0.05). The significant differences in the feed consumption described the role of papain enzyme through treatment of CEP and the physical form of feed. The results indicate that the all treatment of papain crude extract level both in mash and pellet feed form were able to improve feed intake, body weight, FCR and carcass percentage of broiler chickens, whereas the best performance was obtained in the treatment of 0.05% papain crude extract in mash form of diets. Key words: papain, FCR, carcass, mash, pelletAbstrak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui lebih dalam efek penambahan ekstrak kasar papain dalam pakan berbentuk mash dan pellet terhadap penampilan produksi broiler. Enzim protease alami ini diekstrak dari pepaya muda. Rancangan acak lengkap diterapkan dalam penelitian ini yang disusun secara faktorial 4 * 2 dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah 4 tingkatan papain (0, 0,03, 0,05, dan 0,07%) dan dua bentuk fisik pakan (mash dan pelet). Parameter poduksi broiler yang diukur adalah konsumsi pakan, berat badan, rasio konversi pakan (FCR) dan persentase karkas. Hasil analisis varians menunjukkan ada interaksi yang sangat signifikan (P<0,01) menyangkut konsumsi pakan, berat badan dan persentase karkas masing-masing, sementara konversi pakan menunjukkan interaksi yang nyata (P<0,05). Perbedaan yang signifikan dalam konsumsi pakan menggambarkan peran enzim papain melalui perlakuan CEP dan bentuk fisik pakan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa semua perlakuan tingkat ekstrak kasar papain baik di mash dan pakan pelet bentuk mampu meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, berat badan, FCR dan persentase karkas ayam broiler, sedangkan performan terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan 0,05% papain ekstrak kasar dalam pakan berbentuk mash.
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