Background Anthropogenic disturbances are the main threats to nonhuman primates conservation, and infectious diseases may also play a key role in primate population decline. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death in neotropical primates. Methods A retrospective study of post‐mortem examinations was conducted on 146 neotropical primates between January 2000 and December 2018. Results Conclusive diagnoses were obtained in 68.5% of the cases, of which 59 corresponded to non‐infectious causes and 41 to infectious diseases. Trauma was the main cause of death (54/100), with anthropogenic stressors caused by blunt force trauma injuries (collision with vehicles) and puncture wound injuries associated with interspecific aggression (dog predation) were the most common factors. Other causes of death included bacterial diseases (27%), followed by parasitic diseases (12%), neoplasms (2%), and viral diseases (2%). Conclusions Free‐ranging primates were mostly affected by non‐infectious causes, while captive primates were by infectious conditions.

ISSN 0100-736X (Print) ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) RESUMO.-[Linfoma no sistema nervoso de felinos: aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e etiológicos em 16 gatos.] Os aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) e etiológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso de felinos foram analisados através de um estudo retrospectivo (período de 2004-2017) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O envolvimento do sistema nervoso foi observado em 16 (12,2%) dos 125 felinos com linfoma desse estudo e afetou principalmente, jovens com idade mediana de 24 meses. A grande maioria dos casos o linfoma era secundário no sistema nervoso central e somente em três gatos o linfoma foi primário do sistema nervoso. Na IHQ, 14 (87,5%) casos foram positivos para FeLV, seis (37,5%) para FIV, e um foi negativo para ambos. A distribuição do linfoma no sistema nervoso foi em 8/16 felinos na medula espinhal, 7/16 no encéfalo e em 1/16 em nervos e gânglios paravertebrais (neurolinfomatose). Na medula espinhal, o padrão do linfoma foi exclusivamente extradural e frequentemente focal (6/8), localizadas nos segmentos lombares (3/6), sacrais (1/6), torácicos (1/6) e cervicais (1/6). No encéfalo, os padrões neuroanatômicos observados foram: linfomatose leptomeningeal (4/7), coroidite linfomatosa (2/7), linfoma intradural (1/7). ABSTRACT.-Mello L.S., Leite-Filho R.V., Panziera W., Bandinelli M.B., Sonne L., Driemeier D. & Pavarini S.P. 2019. Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39(6):393-401.

Objective To characterize the frequency and distribution of secondary ocular neoplasms in dogs and cats identified during necropsy. Methods A retrospective analysis of necropsy records of dogs and cats was conducted, and cases with metastatic/multicentric neoplasms with an extraocular origin, involving the eyes, were selected. Results From January 2015 to January 2019, we identified a total of 233 dogs and 100 cats with metastatic disease. Of these, 11.6% (27/233) of the dogs and 13% (13/100) of the cats had ocular metastases. Lymphoma was the most common multicentric neoplasm involving the eyes of both species. In dogs, these neoplasms occurred bilaterally, predominantly in the anterior uvea, and were diffuse large B‐cell, T‐lymphoblastic, peripheral T‐cell not otherwise specified, and lymphocytic B‐cell lymphomas. In cats, feline leukemia virus (FeLV)‐associated T‐cell lymphoma was the most common. Mammary carcinoma was the second most common ocular metastatic neoplasm in bitches, with a predominantly unilateral involvement of the uveal tract. In cats, following lymphoma, pulmonary and squamous cell carcinomas were the most common multicentric/metastatic neoplasms of the eyes. Individual cases of cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and chemodectoma in dogs, as well as mammary gland cribriform carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, and histiocytic sarcoma in cats were detected. Conclusions The eyes of dogs were mostly affected by lymphoma or mammary gland carcinoma, while those of cats mostly had lymphoma, pulmonary carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma as the main metastatic/multicentric neoplasm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify intraocular metastatic cholangiocarcinoma and chemodectoma in dogs, aside from identifying salivary gland carcinoma in cats.

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RESUMO. -As causas de morte em vacas leiteiras no Rio Grande do Sul foram analisadas através de um estudo retrospectivo dos protocolos de necropsia de 600 vacas leiteiras examinadas entre os anos de 1998-2012. Do total de vacas analisadas 67,5% eram oriundas da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, seguida das Regiões Nordeste Rio-Grandense 12,4% e Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense 10,4%. Quanto às raças, 76,5% eram holandesas, 9,8% Jersey e 13,7% misturas dessas raças. O diagnóstico definitivo foi possível em 85,8% dos casos. A categoria de doenças inflamatórias e parasitárias foi a principal causa de morte com 48,2% dos casos conclusivos, seguida por neoplasias (17,5%), doenças tóxicas e toxi-infecções (15,9%), doenças nutricionais e metabólicas (8,5%), doenças causadas por agentes físicos (7,4%) e outras doenças (2,5%). As principais enfermidades diagnosticadas em cada categoria foram: tristeza parasitária bovina (120 casos), linfoma (77 casos), intoxicação por Senecio spp. (23 casos), retículo pericardite traumática (19 casos), cetose e timpanismo (11 casos cada uma) e fulguração (5 casos). TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Doenças de bovinos, vacas leiteiras, estudo retrospectivo, patologia, Rio Grande do Sul.

Diseases related to the alimentary system are the main cause of death in horses. This retrospective study aimed to describe the pathological findings of fatal parasite-induced enteritis and typhlocolitis caused by cyathostominae, Eimeria leuckarti, Balantidium coli, and Strongyloides westeri in horses. The records of parasite-induced intestinal lesions in horses necropsied in Southern Brazil between 2005 and 2017 were reviewed. Ten horses had fatal parasitic enteritis and/or typhlocolitis, and the main causes were: cyathostominae typhlocolitis (6/10), E. leuckarti enteritis (1/10), S. westeri enteritis (1/10), B. coli colitis related to cyathostominae (1/10), and infection by multiple agents (1/10). Cyathostominae typhlocolitis showed marked mucosal thickening, with multifocal elevated nodules containing tangled filiform parasites. Microscopic examination revealed that the mucosa and submucosa had encysted parasitic structures surrounded by eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation. E. leuckarti enteritis was microscopically characterized by macrogamonts, microgamonts, and oocysts inside the host cells. S. westeri enteritis showed microscopic atrophy of the villi with numerous mucosal encysted parasitic structures. B. coli typhlocolitis showed severe diffuse mucosal reddening, with microscopic superficial mucosal necrosis associated with multiple protozoan trophozoites. Fatal parasite-induced enteritis and typhlocolitis are important causes of death in horses in Southern Brazil.

Primary hepatobiliary neoplasms (PHN) are uncommon in cats, and originate in hepatocytes, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, mesenchymal cells, and cells of neuroendocrine origin. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PHN in cats diagnosed in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil, for a period of 17 years, determining their epidemiological, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Necropsy reports of 2.090 cats were analyzed, 125 were diagnosed with primary hepatobiliary diseases, of which 15 were cases of PHN, representing 12% of the specific hepatobiliary conditions and 0.7% of the necropsies. All PHN were malignant, of which 93.3% had epithelial origin and 6.7% presented mesenchymal origin. Cholangiocarcinoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma. In general, cats with no defined breed were the most affected. Concerning sex, 60% were females and 40% males. Age ranged from five to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.5 years (median of ten years). Grossly, cholangiocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma were multinodular and hepatocellular carcinoma was massive. Microscopically, cholangiocarcinomas were arranged in acini and ducts, whereas hepatocellular carcinomas were arranged in solid sheets or trabeculae. On immunohistochemistry, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiosarcomas were positive for the antibodies CK 7, Hep Par-1, and vimentin and von Willebrand factor, respectively.

Background: Cutaneous lesions in horses are common, accounting for approximately 50% of all neoplasms of this species, and can cause irritability, pruritus and predispose to secondary infections. Studies have provided information of frequency of cutaneous neoplasms in horses, but few included non-neoplastic lesions. The aim of this study is to identify the frequency of cutaneous lesions in horses diagnosed in Southern Brazil, through a retrospective study and identification of the anatomic location of the lesion, the breed, gender and age of the animals affected. Materials, Methods & Results:A retrospective study on skin lesions in horses using the database of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory located in Southern Brazil was carried out from January 2000 to February 2013. Cases were searched for and selected by diagnosis, considering age, breed, gender, location and time of occurrence. The most common lesions included sarcoid, exuberant granulation tissue, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), pythiosis, habronemiasis, melanoma, papillomatosis and Culicoides hypersensitivity. The most affected age range for sarcoid was animals from 1 to 5 years of age and for SCC was over 15 years of age. There was a positive association between sarcoid occurrence and being female and between SCC and habronemiasis and being male. Sarcoid, exuberant granulation tissue, pythiosis and habronemiasis most frequently involved the limbs, while SCC affected the urogenital and ocular systems and melanoma affected the tail. Pythiosis, habronemiasis, Culicoides hypersensitivity and nodular collagenolytic granuloma had seasonal occurrences. Sarcoid, exuberant granulation tissue and SCC were the most commonly diagnosed lesions. Sarcoid affected mostly younger animals, while SCC commonly affected older animals. Habronemiasis and Culicoides hypersensitivity occurred mostly during the spring and summer, while pythiosis most often presented during autumn and winter. Discussion: The frequency of neoplastic lesions in the present work was similar to other studies. Among horse skin neoplasms, sarcoid is the most common, as was observed in this study. Sarcoid primarily affects young animals and most of these have an age range between one and five years, which was also noted and supported by statistical analysis. EGT is the most common non-neoplastic lesion in the skin of horses, most commonly in the limbs. The high frequency described may be related to a higher genetic predisposition or due to the employment of these horses in intensive work. SCC is the second most common skin neoplasm and often affects older horses, as it was observed. Urogenital tract and males were the most affected location and gender. Due to their ventral location, smegma may be a more likely etiology. It was observed a lower frequency of pythiosis and this may be due to the geographical location of the laboratory, where economy it is not based on livestock or rice farming, which can predispose animals to stay in stagnant water. Cutaneous habronemiasis is often diagnosed during warm m...