677.4-486.32:61 h~ contrast to natural organs in a living olganism, where mass transfer can take place according to the principle qf active mass transfer; only passive mass transfer plvcesses take place in therapeutic mass transJbr instruments. Effective equipment for o~genation of blood, hemodialysis, hemofihration, and plasmapheresis has been created with hollow chemical fibres with semipermeable walls. Atlempts are being made to use hollow fibres for simulating the detoxi.~&~gfunction of the live~ The most recent research trends in pelfection of hollow fibres for mass transfer processes in medicine are related to incl~asing their permeabili O, and imptvving their biocompatibility.Organs and systems in living organisms function through a series ofphysicochemical processes in which mass transfer through semipemleable membranes plays an important role. The achievements of the last decades in polymer chemistry and technology and instrument making and the advances in smgery and transplantation have raised the question of temporary partial or total transfer of the individual mass transfer functions of some organs to devices or instruments especially created for these purposes in pathology of or surgery on these organs.Man-made mass-exchange organs operate according to the principle of passive mass transfer, where mass transfer takes place from the region of a higher to the region of a lower energy level. In natural conditions, processes are encountered which go in the opposite direction, i.e., active mass transfer takes place. The current level of knowledge does not yet allow totally decoding these phenomena nmch less modeling them.
A compact mechanical system for use in secondary-emission studies is described. Several specimens may be accommodated and cleaved in vacuo. The yield and the energy spectrum of the secondaries may be studied for angles of incidence of the primary-electron beam between 0 and 90'. The robustness of the system allows the cleavage of mechanically strong specimens.
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