An AG microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library was constructed for Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph Pyricularia grisea), the causal agent of rice blast. Seventy-two DNA clones containing microsatellite repeats were isolated and sequenced in order to develop a series of new PCR-based molecular markers to be used in genetic studies of the fungus. Twenty-four of these clones were selected to design primer pairs for the PCR amplification of microsatellite alleles. Single spore cultures of M. grisea isolated from rice and wheat in Brazil, Colombia and China were genotyped at three microsatellite loci. Isolates from southern Brazil were predominantly monomorphic at the tested SSR loci, indicating a low level of genetic variability in these samples. However, seven alleles were observed at the MGM-1 locus in isolates from Central Brazil and at least nine alleles were detected at the same locus in a sample of Colombian isolates. Polymorphism analysis at SSR loci is a simple and direct approach for estimating the genetic diversity of M. grisea isolates and a powerful tool for studying M. grisea genetics.
RESUMODiversas são as causas bióticas e abióticas responsáveis pelo declínio e morte de videiras (Vitis spp.) no Rio Grande do Sul. Dentro do primeiro grupo temos vários fungos fitopatogênicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi levantar as principais espécies de fungos presentes em videiras com os sintomas desta moléstia em vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha. A partir de 107 amostras coletadas em diferentes cultivares e municípios, observou-se uma maior incidência de declínio nas cultivares de uvas americanas, Vitis labrusca (Bordô, Concord e Niágara), do que nas cultivares de uvas européias, V. vinifera. As principais espécies de fungos encontradas foram: Cylindrocarpon sp., Phaeoacremonium sp., Verticillium sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. herbemontis, Graphium sp. e Cylindrocladium sp.Palavras-chave adicionais: Vitis labrusca, V. vinifera, Cylindrocarpon sp., uva americana. ABSTRACT Fungi associated with grapevine showing decline and plant death in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern BrazilGrapevine (Vitis spp.) decline and death in Rio Grande do Sul can result from biotic and abiotic causes. Several plant pathogenic fungi cause the first group. The objective of this research was to report the main fungal species associated with plants showing symptoms of decline and death in the "Serra Gaúcha" region, SouthernBrazil. The incidence of disfunction in 107 samples from different cultivars and growing regions was higher in American cultivars of V. labrusca (Bordô, Concord and Niagara), than in European grapes (Vitis vinifera). The species of fungi found were: Cylindrocarpon sp., Phaeoacremonium sp., Verticillium sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. herbemontis, Graphium sp. and Cylindrocladium sp. 322Fitopatol. bras. 29(3), maio -jun 2004 O Rio Grande do Sul é responsável por mais de 95% da produção brasileira de vinhos e derivados, envolvendo cerca de 16.000 produtores e 500 estabelecimentos vinícolas (Mello, 2001). Os vinhos finos brasileiros são produzidos a partir de uvas (Vitis vinifera L.) enquanto os vinhos de mesa são produzidos de V. labrusca L. A videira está sujeita ao ataque de diversas doenças e pragas, as quais reduzem a quantidade e a qualidade da uva produzida, e em muitos casos podem inviabilizar a cultura.Diversas são as causas que podem levar a videira à morte. Tanto as pragas quanto as doenças quando não controladas adequadamente ocasionam a debilitação progressiva da planta. O número de casos de declínio e morte de plantas de videira tem aumentado de forma acentuada nos últimos anos, causando grande redução de produtividade e de qualidade da uva. Segundo Kuhn (1981), os principais agentes causais identificados na região associados a este problema são: pérola-da-terra (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel), filoxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), as cochonilhas-do-tronco (Hemiberlesia lataniae Signoret, Duplaspidiotus tesseratus Charmoy e D. fossor Newstead), viroses que causam o complexo rugoso da videira (intumescimento dos ramos e caneluras do tronco da videira), fusarios...
RESUMO Cylindrocarpon destructans causal agent of grapevine blackfoot in Rio Grande do SulSince 1999, a death of the American grapevine (Vitis labrusca) has been noted in the state of Rio G rande do Sul, Brazil. The disease is characterized by stem and root rotting Desde 1999 tem sido observada a morte de videiras (Vitis labrusca) americanas no Rio Grande do Sul. A doença é caracterizada pelo apodrecimento do colo da planta e do sistema radicular, seguindose o murchamento da parte áerea e, conseqüentemente, a morte da planta. Com base no isolamento, na comprovação da patogenicidade e nas características morfológicas, identificou-se o agente causal como sendo Cylindrocarpon destructans. Este é o primeiro relato no Brasil do "pé-preto" da videira.Palavras-chave adicionais: black foot, declínio de videiras, Vitis labrusca, fungos.
AERIAL DISPERSION OF Plasmopara viticola SPORES IN COVERED AND CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATION OF GRAPEVINE ABSTRACT -The microclimate was evaluated, in terms of air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed and pluvial precipitation above the canopy in both treatments. Two spore traps were installed in each treatment by using transparent tapes with gelvatol. Every week, the tapes were retrieved and mounted on slides for microscopy, randomly selected 20 days in each treatment and season, where the number of trapped spores was determined. The covered vineyard showed the highest amount of aerial dispersion of spores Plasmopara viticola. Regardless of the cultivation in the afternoon period, it was observed higher dispersion.
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is commonly controlled by quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. QoI resistance is conferred by a mutation resulting in a G143A alteration in cytochrome b, while CAA resistance is associated with a G1105S mutation in cellulose synthase 3. The aims of this study were to (a) verify the presence of QoI and CAA resistance in P. viticola in Brazil, (b) develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection pyrosequencing assay for quantitative detection of G143A, and (c) determine the geographic prevalence and distribution of G143A and G1105S in Brazilian field populations. P. viticola isolates were sampled from two vineyards reporting failures of QoI and CAA control. Their growth was unaffected by azoxystrobin and mandipropamid, and resistance was associated with the G143A and G1105S mutations, respectively. The SNP detection pyrosequencing assay developed for G143A detection was precise and accurate. Pyrosequencing assays revealed that G143A and G1105S frequencies varied among the 66 field populations and were positively correlated with the number of QoI and CAA applications, respectively. The G143A mutation was observed in 60 populations, 39 of them with frequencies over 90%. G1105S was detected in 20 populations with frequencies ranging from 18.3% to 100%, and which also carried the G143A mutation. Multiple resistance to QoI and CAA in P. viticola was confirmed for the first time in South America. Future resistance monitoring surveys and management strategies must be adopted to prevent further increase in QoI and CAA resistance in Brazil.
Forty-eight polymorphic RAPD primers were used to study the genetic similarity of eight grapevine (Vitis spp.
Devido à intensa relação entre o ambiente e as doenças de plantas, alterações na distribuição geográfica e temporal das doenças podem ocorrer como impacto das mudanças climáticas. A vitivinicultura tem crescido de importância nos últimos anos no Brasil e as doenças constituem um sério problema para a cultura. O oídio, causado pelo fungo Uncinula necator, é uma das principais doenças que afetam a videira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas na favorabilidade do oídio da videira no país, baseado em critérios de lógica matemática, associando combinações de faixas de variáveis climáticas com classes de favorabilidade e utilizando as ferramentas de SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográfica. O estudo considerou os meses ao longo do ano dos períodos de 1961-1990 e de 2011-2040, 2041-2070 e 2071-2100, nos cenários B1 e A2 do IPCC. A temperatura média e a umidade relativa foram os dados climáticos básicos de entrada no banco de dados do SIG e foram obtidos de projeções dos modelos climáticos globais do Quarto Relatório de Avaliação do IPCC. Os mapas de distribuição geográfica de respostas favoráveis à doença mostram que haverá alteração no futuro, com aumento da área favorável à sua incidência no Brasil, em ambos os cenários. Due to the intense relationship between environment and plant diseases, changes in the geographical and temporal distribution of diseases may occur as an impact of climate change. Viticulture in Brazil has been growing in importance in recent years and disease are a serious crop issue. Powdery mildew, also known as oidium, caused by the fungus Uncinula necator, is one of the main diseases affecting this crop. The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of climate change on the favorability of grape oidium in Brazil, based on criterions of mathematical logic associating combinations of ranges of climate variables with classes of favorability and using Geographical Information System - GIS tools. The study considered the months throughout the year of periods of 1961-1990 and 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100, scenarios B1 and A2 of IPCC. Mean temperature and relative humidity were the basic weather data entered in the GIS database, obtained by projections of global climate models from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Maps of geographic distribution of favorable responses for the disease show that in the future there will be change, increasing the favorable area for their incidence in the Brazil, in both scenarios. Keywords: Vitis spp., Uncinula necator, plant disease, Geographical Information System.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre a favorabilidade às podridões da uva madura e cinzenta da videira, causadas por Glomerella cingulata e Botrytis cinerea, respectivamente, para o Nordeste brasileiro. Médias mensais de temperatura média do ar e de duração do período de molhamento foliar do período de referência (1961-1990) e do período futuro (2071-2100) foram obtidas das projeções dos modelos climáticos globais do Quarto Relatório do IPCC para o cenário A2 de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Mapas de distribuição geográfica da favorabilidade à doença foram elaborados no SIG Idrisi 32 demonstrando que para as duas doenças, no futuro, haverá uma redução da área favorável às suas incidências no Nordeste brasileiro. Palavras-chave: Vitis sp; Glomerella cingulata; Botrytis cinerea. Climate Change Effect on the Favorability for Ripe Rot and Gray Mold of Grapevines in the Brazilian Northeast ABSTRACTThis study aimed to assess the potential impact of climate change on the favorability for ripe rot and gray mold of grapevines, caused by Glomerella cingulata and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, in the Brazilian Northeast. Average monthly mean temperature and leaf wetness duration of the reference period (1961-1990) and future period (2071-2100) were obtained from projections of global climate models from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report for A2 scenario of emissions of greenhouse gases. Maps of geographic distribution of favorable responses for both diseases were developed using GIS Idrisi 32 and showed that in the future there will be a reduction in the favorable area for their incidence in the Brazilian Northeast. Keywords: Vitis sp; Glomerella cingulata; Botrytis cinerea.
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