Anthracnose is an important disease in vineyards in south and southeast Brazil, the main grape-producing regions in the country. This study aimed to identify the causal agents of grapevine anthracnose in Brazil through multilocus phylogenetic analyses, morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests. Thirty-nine Elsino€ e ampelina and 13 Colletotrichum spp. isolates were obtained from leaves, stems and berries with anthracnose symptoms collected in 38 vineyards in southern and southeastern Brazil. For E. ampelina isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), histone H3 (HIS3) and elongation factor 1-a (TEF) sequences were analysed. HIS3 was the most informative region with 55 polymorphic sites including deletions and substitutions of bases, enabling the grouping of isolates into five haplotypes. Colonies of E. ampelina showed slow growth, variable colouration and a wrinkled texture on potato dextrose agar. Conidia were cylindrical to oblong with rounded ends, hyaline, aseptate, (3.57-) 5.64 (À6.95) lm long and (2.03-) 2.65 (À3.40) lm wide. Seven species of Colletotrichum were identified: C. siamense, C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. viniferum, C. nymphaeae, C. truncatum and C. cliviae, with a wide variation in colony and conidium morphology. Only E. ampelina caused anthracnose symptoms on leaves, tendrils and stems of Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca. High disease severity and a negative correlation between disease severity and shoot dry weight were observed only when relative humidity was above 95%. In this study, only E. ampelina caused anthracnose symptoms on grapevine shoots in Brazil.

Anthracnose caused by Elsinoë ampelina is one of the most important table grape diseases in humid regions in Brazil and Australia. The objective of this study was to characterize E. ampelina isolates from Brazil and Australia by means of phylogenetic analyses, morphological features and pathogenicity tests. Phylogenetic relationships among 35 isolates were determined based on a data set of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), histone H3 (HIS3) and elongation factor 1‐α (TEF) sequences. In phylogenetic tree analyses, using a combined ITS and TEF sequence alignment, all E. ampelina isolates were clustered together in a single well‐supported clade. In contrast to the absence of genetic variability within ITS and TEF sequences, HIS3 sequences showed 54 polymorphic sites. The haplotype network generated from HIS3 data set showed four distinct haplotypes. EA1 was the predominant haplotype including 29 isolates from both countries. High genetic variability was observed in two Brazilian isolates, haplotype EA4, which may have lost the intron region during species evolution. Colony colours differed between Brazilian and Australian isolates, but showed similar wrinkled colony texture, absence of spores, sparse‐to‐absent white aerial mycelium and slow growth (0.049–0.060 mm/day). Brazilian isolates produced conidia of 5.65 × 2.65 μm, larger than conidia from Australian isolates, which measured 5.14 × 2.30 μm. In pathogenicity tests, all nine Australian isolates inoculated were pathogenic on detached canes and potted vines of table grape.

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Acetaminophen (AAP), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyrone (DIP) are antipyretic and analgesics drugs that have wide use in health sciences. Some drugs can modify the labeling of blood elements with technetium-99m (99mTc). This work has evaluated the effect of AAP, ASA and DIP on the labeling of the blood elements with 99mTc. Blood was incubated with different concentrations of the drugs before the 99mTc-labeled process. Plasma (P), blood cells (BC), insoluble (IF-P, IF-BC) and soluble (SF-P, SF-BC) fractions were separated and percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) in each fraction was determined. Data have shown that the antipyretic drugs used in this study did not significantly modify the fixation of 99mTc on the blood elements when the experiments were carried out with the doses usually used in human beings. Although the experiments were carried out with rats, it is possible to suggest that AAP, ASA or DIP should not interfere with the procedures in nuclear medicine involving the labeling of blood elements with 99mTc.