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The renin--angiotensin system (RAS) is a system of enzymes and hormones that regulate blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis in mammals. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is one of the most important and well-known components of RAS. It is formed from the protein precursor angiotensinogen by the sequential actions of proteolytic enzymes. The classic pathway of Ang-II generation includes a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). However, there are alternative pathways for the generation of Ang-II. In this paper, possible routes of formation of Ang-II in the human body are reviewed. Various Ang-II-generating enzymes (tonin, cathepsin G, chymase, etc.) and their properties are considered. The classification of these enzymes is also considered.

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Recognan reduced cognitive dysfunction and disturbances of visual/spatial coordinationas well as had a positive effect on the emotional sphere decreasing the level of depression.

The paper presents the proceedings of the Round Table with the participation of leading neurologists, which is devoted to chronic cerebrovascular diseases. It is noted that chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI), or dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DEP), is one of the most common neurological diagnoses in our country. The pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of CCI (DEP) and its matching with vascular cognitive impairment (CI), which is regarded in foreign literature as the main manifestation of chronic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) were considered. The authors analyze clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of vinpocetine (Cavinton) in chronic CVD, dizziness, CI, as well as the use of new vinpocetine formulations, such as Cavinton Comforte, in various neurological diseases, dysphagia in particular, in poststroke patients.

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More rapid and complete regression of neurological deficit, better recovery of self-care function, cognitive function and social activity, an increase in erythrocyte membrane elasticity were found in the main group compared to the control one. These results indicate the efficacy of cavinton R and cavinton R comforte in the regimen used in complex treatment in acute and early recovery periods after ischemic stroke.

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