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Abstract

The renin--angiotensin system (RAS) is a system of enzymes and hormones that regulate blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis in mammals. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is one of the most important and well-known components of RAS. It is formed from the protein precursor angiotensinogen by the sequential actions of proteolytic enzymes. The classic pathway of Ang-II generation includes a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). However, there are alternative pathways for the generation of Ang-II. In this paper, possible routes of formation of Ang-II in the human body are reviewed. Various Ang-II-generating enzymes (tonin, cathepsin G, chymase, etc.) and their properties are considered. The classification of these enzymes is also considered.

Molecular and Pathophysiological Features of Angiotensinogen: A Mini Review

“…[36–39] Renin, a plasma aspartyl protease, is best known for cleaving AGT into AngI. Indeed, AGT is the only defined substrate for renin.…”

“…[46–49] In addition to renin, many other enzymes such as cathepsin D, cathepsin G, kallikrein, pepsin, tissue-plasminogen activator, tonin, and trypsin have been demonstrated to convert AGT into either AngI or AngII. [38,39,50,51] These enzymes are abundant in tissues or some cell types, which has led to speculation that these enzymes may have impacts on the local generation of angiotensin peptides. However, most enzymes require an acidic environment (pH range 4–7) to actively catalyze AGT.…”

The Strategical Frameworks of the Physical Rehabilitation in Surgical Treatment of the Patients With Low Back Pain

“…Of course, all of these diseases outcomes are interrelated: damage causes some disability; it brings to a social restrictions and impairment of quality of life [2].…”

“…The first step in the planning is identifying the rehabilitation needs for the people in the form of aid. This requires the understanding of the indications for medical rehabilitation [2]. The common indications for medical rehabilitation are presented in the report of the WHO Expert Committee on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation [1983].…”

“…Some scientists believe that the medical rehabilitation should be part of the healing process for all patients at risk of long-term disability, while others believe that the institutions of rehabilitation should be used only for those with very severe injuries, only for people with disabilities [2,8]. The most reasonable is to assume the point of view that shows the rehabilitation of those patients who have the disease due to a high risk of persistent reduction of social and consumer activity has already formed or disability [2].…”