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The green house research aimed to know the best isolate of T. harzianum in controlling Fusarium wilt , shallot production, and the effect of T. harzianum application time in suppressing the disease. Randomized block design was used with twelve treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times. The treatments were negative control, positive control as wel as extract of ginger isolate, banana isolate, shallot isolate, potato isolate, and ginseng isolates. The treatments were applied a week before or after inoculation of the pathogen. The result showed that the antagonist extract of ginger isolate applied a week before inoculation decreased the disease intensity by 43.854%. The antagonist extract application applied before or after inoculation were not significant difference . The antagonist of potato isolate extract was the best in increasing number of plants per clump and tuber fresh weight resulting 9.7503 and 13.133 g, respectively. The best extract in increasing root growth was shallot extract. The ginger isolate extract increased root length by 17.672%. ABSTRAKPenelitian rumah kasa ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui isolat T. harzianum yang paling baik dalam mengendalikan penyakit moler dan meningkatkan hasil bawang merah, serta pengaruh waktu pemberian T. harzianum dalam menekan penyakit moler. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), yang terdiri atas 12 perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang dicoba adalah kontrol negatif (tanpa perlakuan T. harzianum dan Fusarium oxysporum) dan kontrol positif (hanya dengan inokulasi F. oxysporum), serta ekstrak isolat jahe, pisang, bawang merah, kentang, dan ginseng yang diberikan 1 minggu sebelum atau sesudah inokulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak T. harzianum isolat jahe yang disiram sebelum inokulasi Fusarium oxysporum, mampu menurunkan intensitas penyakit sebesar 43,854%. Belum terlihat jelas pengaruh nyata pemberian ekstrak antagonis sebelum maupun sesudah inokulasi patogen. Ekstrak T. harzianum isolat kentang adalah isolat terbaik dalam meningkatkan jumlah anakan per rumpun dan bobot basah umbi, yaitu masing-masing 9,7503 dan 13,133 g, sedangkan ekstrak terbaik dalam pertumbuhan akar yaitu isolat bawang merah yang meningkatkan jumlah akar sebesar 57,452% dan ekstrak isolat jahe menunjukkan pengaruh terbaik meningkatkan panjang akar sebesar 17,672%. Kata Kunci: Isolat Trichoderma harzianum, pengendalian hayati, penyakit layu Fusarium, bawang merah Eugenia Volume 17 No. 2 Agustus 2011

INTISARIPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali potensi hijauan pakan ternak secara optimal, laju degradasi nutrien pakan di dalam rumen dari berbagai hijauan yang biasa diberikan oleh peternak. Bahan pakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 7 macam bahan pakan hijauan daun gamal (GL), daun sawo (SW), daun turi putih (TP), daun beringin (BR), daun kaliandra (KL), daun nangka (NG), dan daun coklat (CO). Data yang diambil adalah kecernaan nutrien meliputi bahan kering (BK), bahan organik (BO), protein kasar (PK), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), dan acid detergent fiber (ADF). Sampel diinkubasi dalam rumen ternak yang berfistula dengan interval waktu yang berbeda yaitu inkubasi: 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 : GL 60.06%; SW 34.78%; TP 73.96%; BR 41.40%; KL 43.80%; NG 43.67%; and CO 28.67%. From in sacco rumen calculation, it was obtained the DT values of OM : GL 59.13%; SW 32.74%; TP 73.07%; BR 42.83%; KL 44.18%; NG 45.04%; and CO 26.80%. Calculation of in sacco rumen showed the DT values of CP : GL 66.14%; SW 32.49%; TP 81.46%; BR 42.89%; KL 31.84%; NG 47.05%; and CO 29.46% ABSTRACT This study was aimed to explore the optimum potential of forage and the degradation rate the rumen of nutrient of forage (legume and non legume) derived different forage fodder used farmers. Seven forages i.e. Gliricidia (GL), Manilkara (SW), Sesbania (TP), Ficus (BR), Calothyrsus (KL), Jackfruit (NG), and Cacao leaves (CO), were used in this experiment. Samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated cattle with different time intervals, namely hours. The collected data were the nutrient digestibility residues in rumen, including dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Data were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the degradation theory (DT) values of DM

Aims This in vitro study aimed to examine the effect of proportions of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) to Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) or levels of corn oil (CO) and their interaction on ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) production and fatty acid profile. Methods The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement following a completely randomised design with two factors. The treatments were according to the proportion of Leucaena and Napier grass (in g/kg DM, Treatment (T)1 = 0:750 (control), T2 = 250:500, T3 = 500:250, T4 = 750:0). Three levels of CO (in mg rumen fluid, CO1 = 0, CO2 = 10, CO3 = 20 respectively) were added to each of the diet, giving a total 12 dietary treatments. Key results Replacing Napier grass with Leucaena at 500 g/kg (T3) and 750 g/kg (T4) levels increased the molar volatile fatty acid concentration, microbial protein synthesis (P < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (P = 0.003), whereas ruminal protozoa concomitantly decreased (P < 0.05). The addition of CO at 10 mg also reduced the number of ruminal protozoa compared with the control (P < 0.001). A significant Leucaena × CO interaction was observed on the increase of ammonia nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis, and CH4 production was simultaneously suppressed (P < 0.001). There was also a significant Leucaena × CO interaction on increasing concentration of C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-10 cis-12 and α-linolenic acid, which thus contributed to the increase of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulation in the culture (P < 0.001). However, the concentration of C18:0 was not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the inclusion of Leucaena into a Napier grass-based diet at 500 g/kg and 750 g/kg DM positively affected rumen fermentation, reduced CH4 formation and increased beneficial fatty acids in the rumen. Although CO had similar positive effects on CH4 production and targeted beneficial fatty acids, it reduced the microbial protein synthesis at inclusion of 20 mg/mL DM. Overall, there were synergistic interactions between Leucaena and CO in reducing CH4 production and improving the fatty acid profile in the rumen. Implications It is possible to improve animal productivity while reducing the environmental impact of livestock production through inclusion of tannin-containing Leucaena and CO in ruminant diets in tropical regions where C4 grasses typically have low nutritive value.

<p>Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi formaldehid pada pembuatan undegraded protein (UDP) yang digunakan untuk mensuplementasi pelet pakan lengkap terhadap aktivitas mikrobia rumen secara in vitro. Hasil sisa tanaman pertanian dan hasil samping pengolahannya digunakan untuk menyusun pelet pakan lengkap yang mengandung 12% protein kasar (PK) dan 62% total digestible nutrients (TDN). Cairan rumen untuk percobaan in vitro kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK) dan kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO) dan in vitro produksi gas diambil dari 2 ekor sapi Peranakan Ongole betina umur 2–3 tahun yang difistula pada bagian rumennya. Konsentrasi formaldehid 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; dan 2,0% (volume/berat) digunakan untuk memproteksi bungkil kedelai pada pembuatan UDP, masing-masing adalah K-0, K-0,5, K-1,0, K-1,5, dan K-2,0. Tingkat proteksi bungkil kedelai diuji pada sampel UDP terhadap degradasi<br />bahan kering dan organik secara in vitro. Selanjutnya UDP yang paling baik digunakan untuk mensuplementasi pelet pakan lengkap. Aktivitas mikrobia rumen dari berbagai tingkat suplementasi UDP 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; dan 10% bahan kering (berat/berat) pada pelet pakan lengkap berturut-turut adalah S-0, S-2,5, S-5,0, S-7,5, dan S-10,0 diuji secara in vitro produksi gas meliputi: produksi gas, sintesis protein mikrobia, produksi dan proporsi asam lemak volatil. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis variansi menurut Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola searah. Beda antar rerata diuji dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan KcBK (%) bungkil kedelai tidak diproteksi K-0 lebih tinggi (P&lt;0,05) dibanding K-0,5, dan K-0,5 lebih tinggi (P&lt;0,05) dibanding K-1,0, K-1,5 dan K-2,0. KcBO bungkil kedelai tidak diproteksi lebih tinggi (P&lt;0,05) dibanding K-0,5, dan K-0,5 lebih tinggi (P&lt;0,05) dibanding K-1,0, K-1,5, dan K-2,0. Perbedaan tingkat suplementasi tidak mempengaruhi produksi gas antar perlakuan pada S-0, S-2,5, S-5,0, S-7,5 dan<br />S-10. Sintesis protein mikrobia mg/ml cairan rumen tidak berbeda pada suplementasi UDP S-0, S-2,5, S-5,0, dan S-7,5, namun S-10 lebih rendah (P&lt;0,05) 0,273 mg/ml. Tingkat suplementasi UDP tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi asam lemak volatil total (mmol). Proporsi asam asetat S-0 lebih rendah (P&lt;0,05) dibanding S-5,0 dan S-7,5, tetapi proporsi asam propionat S-0 lebih tinggi (P&lt;0,05) dibanding S-5,0, S-7,5, dan S-10,0. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan formaldehid pada tingkat 1% lebih baik dalam pembuatan UDP. Tingkat suplementasi UDP pada pelet pakan lengkap sampai 7,5% tanpa mempengaruhi aktivitas mikrobia rumen.</p><p>(Kata kunci: Pelet pakan lengkap, Konsentrasi formaldehid, Undegraded protein, Tingkat suplementasi, Aktivitas<br />mikrobia rumen)</p>

Alfalfa is an important source of inexpensive forage for poultry that has high nutritional and digestive value. Alfalfa can be dried to produce hay, although the drying method can affect the quality of the hay as forage. In this study we examined how drying methods affect the physical quality and chemical composition of hay produced from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Harvested alfalfa plants were dried by direct sun exposure (P1), under a tarp in a greenhouse (P2), or in an oven at 55°C (P3). The physical and chemical characteristics of the hays were analyzed and differences among the three treatment groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Samples dried under direct sunlight (P1) had reduced crude fat content and increased crude fiber content compared to the other treatments. However, the physical and chemical characteristics of hay produced by all three treatments were within recommended ranges for quality forage. Furthermore, the heat associated with oven-drying did not affect the amino acid content of the resulting hay. Taken together, hay can be rapidly produced by oven-drying to produce an economical alternative source of protein that is comparable to that in corn, soybean and fish meals.

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