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Probiotics are described as live microbes that, once consumed in sufficient quantities, provide a health advantage to the host. A rising number of research works have verified the health benefits of probiotics. Enterococci are common bacteria that may be found almost anywhere. For their opportunistic pathogenicity, Enterococci have been associated with numerous nosocomial infections resulting from resistance to antibiotics and the existence of other virulence factors, notably the development of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. However, some Enterococcal strains such as E. faecium and E. faecalis strains are being utilized as probiotics and are widely marketed, usually in the form of pharmaceutical solutions. Enterococcus spp. based probiotics are used to treat irritable bowel syndrome, infectious diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, along with decreasing cholesterol levels and enhancing host immunity. To be used as probiotics in the future, Enterococcal strains must be properly defined and thoroughly evaluated in terms of safety and can be beneficial. Here, in this work, we have reviewed various aspects of Enterococcus spp. pertaining to its possibility of being utilized as a probiotic strain.

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The planet's limited natural fossil fuel reserves are anticipated to be very soon owing to massive usage. Biofuels would be a critical alternative source that may reduce global warming and CO2 emissions. The food-versus-fuel dilemma is, however, one of the key drawbacks of first-generation biofuels like corn ethanol, sugarcane ethanol, etc. Cellulose and hemicellulose, the primary constituents of lignocellulosic feedstocks, could be reduced to sugars by either thermochemical/biological processes before being fermented to generate biofuels. However, owing to structural heterogeneity, more complicated operational techniques are required before the production technology can be commercialized, and several challenges must be addressed. This chapter provided an assessment of various feedstocks, availability, various processing techniques, obstacles, and current technical developments in the generation of biofuels from biomass.

Background: Parotid gland tumours most often present as painless enlarging masses. However rapid growth, pain, nerve involvement, and ulceration are clinical predictors that suggest malignancy. Aim:The study aims to find out the postoperative course of parotid tumours particularly the factors influencing postoperative facial palsy. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study. The present study is conducted over 2 years, to evaluate the age and sex incidence, clinical presentation and histopathology of parotid tumours. All the patients < 18 years age presenting to the surgical OPD with parotid region swelling are recorded. Those willing to participate in the study are included in the study. Specific investigations such as FNAC are used to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Out of all 30 cases, 16 are female and 14 are male. Out of total benign lesions in 23 cases, 14 are in female and 9 are seen in males. Out of total malignant lesions of 7 cases, 5 are males and 2 are females. This study has the advantage of using the House-Brackmann score for grading facial nerve function. The factors influencing postoperative loss of facial nerve function are also studied. The most common benign tumor is pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland while the most common malignant tumour is mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Benign tumours are most commonly seen in the 20-40 years age group, whereas malignancies are more common in the 40-60 years age group. The sex incidence in Warthin's tumor is more in males similar to existing literature. All the patients with cancer in the study have some form of exposure to tobacco such as smoking, reverse smoking or chewing tobacco. Out of 11 cases of total parotidectomy 9 are conservative and 2 are radical parotidectomy. The incidence of postoperative temporary palsy is 16.66% (5 cases) of benign parotid tumours. Three malignancies have postoperative paralysis, all being permanent facial palsy. Conclusion:The present study suggests a strong etiological role of tobacco in these cancers. Preoperatively, the risk of nerve injury can be assessed by the tumor size, recurrence and malignancy. Thus, nerve monitoring should be considered in such tumours.