The COVID-19 Pandemic has become an object of many studies and research papers. Although knowledge of the demographic features of the illness could be important for targeting the prevention, or treatment and evaluation, of the situation, demographic research was rather limited in the initial phases of the pandemic. This paper aims to present the basic demographic aspects of the illness (age-specific and crude rates) and to estimate the effects of age-specific rates and age structures on the overall, generally used measures. For this analysis, Italy, Spain, Germany, and South Korea were selected. The most important differences among these countries were traced based on the age-specific measures and age structures. The demographic method of decomposition was used for the most crucial part of the analysis. It was proven that the level of incidence (particularly at higher ages) is noticeably significant regarding the observed differences. The effects of population age structure and the level of fatality are somewhat weaker.

When evaluating vaccine efficacy, the conventional measures include reduction of risk of hospitalization and death. The number of patients dying with or without vaccination is often in the public spotlight. However, when evaluating public health interventions or the burden of disease, it is more illustrative to use mortality metrics taking into account also prematurity of the deaths, such as years of life lost (YLL) or years of life saved (YLS) thanks to the vaccination. We develop this approach for evaluation of the difference in YLL and YLS between COVID-19 victims with or without completed vaccination in the autumn pandemic wave (2021, October–December) in Czechia. For the analysis, individual data about all COVID-19 deaths in the country (N = 5797, during the studied period) was used. While 40.6% of the deaths are in cohorts with completed vaccination, this corresponds to 35.1% of years of life lost. The role of vaccination is expressed using YLS and hypothetical numbers of deaths. The registered number of deaths is approximately 3.5 times lower than it would be expected without vaccination. The results illustrate that vaccination is more effective in saving lives than suggested by simplistic comparisons.

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Článek se zabývá aspekty vlivu demogra ckého vývoje na vzdělávací soustavu, a to od úrovně předškolního vzdělávání po vyšší odborné školy (regionální školství) v České republice. První část je věnována stručné analýze demogra ckého vývoje od roku 1989 do současnosti a jeho prognóze do dalších let. Druhá část je potom zaměřena na kvanti kaci dopadů demogra ckého vývoje na vzdělávací soustavu v minulosti pomocí analýzy časových řad s cílem odhadnout trendy, které jsou následně extrapolovány do budoucnosti. Autoři se snaží expertně identi kovat některé možné události, které mohou vývoj vzdělávací soustavy ovlivnit a způsobit odchylky od extrapolovaného trendu, a přenést jejich vliv do vývoje trendu v budoucnosti. V závěrečné části jsou formulována doporučení pro vzdělávací politiku, a to jak v celkovém pohledu, tak i ve struktuře jednotlivých vzdělávacích stupňů.