No abstract

A great number of research articles on the physical and mathematical modelling of tundish operation have been reported in the literature. Mazumdar and Guthrie 1) summarized a large portion of these in a review article in ISIJ published in 1999. Because of the growing importance of tundish metallurgy and stringent demands regarding steel quality, a lot of further work has been done on tundish technology from1999 till date. This review summarizes the basics of physical modelling, mathematical modelling and the work of different researchers around the globe in the last decade i.e. 1999 to 2009. Current trends in research have been reviewed and critiqued.

Defect engineering of blue phosphorene in lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries allows for greater specific capacities and faster rate-capabilities.

Inert gas shrouding practices in water model tundishes were mathematically simulated using the finite volume based program ANSYS 12. The fluid within the tundish and the ladle shroud was assumed to be Newtonian and incompressible (water), and the flow within the shroud was assumed to be predominantly bubbly i.e. discrete bubbles are formed, and these move down the shroud along with the down-flowing water. Thus, the numerical model was developed using the Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM) approach, along with the standard k-ε turbulence model with two way turbulence coupling. Predicted flow fields, slag behaviour and bubble trajectories were investigated and then compared with experiments in the full scale and one third scale water model tundishes. Various experimental measurements compared well with predictions from the mathematical model, which was shown to slightly over-estimate depths of penetration of the bubble column by 5-15%.