A great number of research articles on the physical and mathematical modelling of tundish operation have been reported in the literature. Mazumdar and Guthrie 1) summarized a large portion of these in a review article in ISIJ published in 1999. Because of the growing importance of tundish metallurgy and stringent demands regarding steel quality, a lot of further work has been done on tundish technology from1999 till date. This review summarizes the basics of physical modelling, mathematical modelling and the work of different researchers around the globe in the last decade i.e. 1999 to 2009. Current trends in research have been reviewed and critiqued.

The present article is a sequel to the previous review on the history of near net shape strip casting facilities. The present review focuses on technical progress made in strip casting over the last three decades. Strip casting is a revolutionary technology that promises the hope for an efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly process to produce hot-rolled, steel sheets. This review provides a summary of the theory, recent research, and progress, in the developments of strip casting operations for steels, along with technical discussions regarding the characteristics and design features of steel strip casting machines. Two strip casting processes are discussed in detail; the Twin-Roll Casting (TRC) process and the Horizontal Single-Belt Casting (HSBC) process. Particular emphasis is placed on topics such as the commercial potential for strip casting technology in the steel industry, and the economic and environmental advantages of direct strip production, versus current continuous casting, fixed mold technologies.

The use of shrouded supersonic jets for enhancing the performance of top blown metallurgical reactors has been studied using BOF pilot scale facilities set up in the MMPC's water modelling laboratory. The experimental results for three different designs of shrouded supersonic jet nozzles have demonstrated that greater depths of penetration and reduced mixing times can be achieved with co-axial sub and supersonic jets flow. Dimensional analysis indicates that the depth of penetration of a gas jet into a liquid bath depends on the height, H, of the lance tip from the quiescent bath, the liquid's Froude, Reynolds and Weber numbers, reflecting the ratios of gravity, viscous and surface tension forces to the jet's inertial, or momentum, forces. Good agreement between the mathematical model and experiments were obtained in terms of predicted and observed depths of penetration. Further efforts have been made to study jet penetration into liquid metals. The effects of density of liquid metal and a wide range of gas flow rates on the penetration depth were investigated theoretically. The results confirm that jet penetration depth can be increased with increasing shroud gas flow rate and decreased bath density.

With increasing competition in the global steel market, strip casting technology potentially offers an efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly approach to the production of hot-rolled, coiled steel. This review provides a summary of the basic theory and history in the developments of strip casting operations of steels, along with technical discussions regarding various strip casting initiatives that have been carried out in the past, as well as present. Two strip casting processes are discussed in detail; Twin-Roll Casting (TRC) and Horizontal Single-Belt Casting (HSBC). With its inevitable logic, the emergence of strip casting technology could have an enormous impact on the world's steel industry. This present paper reviews the progress of strip casting technology for steel from a historical perspective, and this will be followed by a sequel, reviewing recent technical developments in the field.

Inert gas shrouding practices in water model tundishes were mathematically simulated using the finite volume based program ANSYS 12. The fluid within the tundish and the ladle shroud was assumed to be Newtonian and incompressible (water), and the flow within the shroud was assumed to be predominantly bubbly i.e. discrete bubbles are formed, and these move down the shroud along with the down-flowing water. Thus, the numerical model was developed using the Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM) approach, along with the standard k-ε turbulence model with two way turbulence coupling. Predicted flow fields, slag behaviour and bubble trajectories were investigated and then compared with experiments in the full scale and one third scale water model tundishes. Various experimental measurements compared well with predictions from the mathematical model, which was shown to slightly over-estimate depths of penetration of the bubble column by 5-15%.