Over the last few decades, several definitions of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been described. There is currently not enough research to show which way is the best to diagnose GDM. Opinions differ in terms of the optimal screening and diagnostic measures, in part due to the differences in the population risks, the cost-effectiveness considerations, and the lack of an evidence base to support large national screening programs. The basic method for identifying the disease is the measurement of glucose plasma levels which may be determined when fasting, two hours after a meal, or simply at any random time. The currently increasing incidence of diabetes in the whole population, the altering demographics and the presence of lifestyle changes still require better methods of screening for hyperglycemia, especially during pregnancy. The main aim of this review is to focus on the prevalence and modifications to the screening criteria for GDM across all continents in the 21st century. We would like to show the differences in the above issues and correlate them with the geographical situation. Looking at the history of diabetes, we are sure that more than one evolution in GDM diagnosis will occur, due to the development of medicine, appearance of modern technologies, and the dynamic continuation of research.
During the autumn season, it is common for mushroom pickers to eat poisonous mushrooms. This is due to many reasons, including the ignorance of pickers. The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. The result is poisoning, which in many cases requires hospitalization. This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. In addition, other relevant publications on intoxication, diagnostic methods and treatment are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning. The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. Significant elevations of liver enzymes and prothrombin time are important in laboratory tests in cases of intoxication. Treatment most often involves specific antidotes, such as Sylimarin, Acetylcysteine. The diagnosis in most cases is made on the basis of the clinical picture and a thorough interview with the patient, and the diagnosis is established by detecting toxins in a urine test. The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often. Proper diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning can save lives. It is very important to raise public awareness of mushroom poisoning, as well as early detection of potential signs of intoxication. Cooperation with the poison center and mycologists is very important, especially in high-risk cases.
(1) Background: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment. Visual work and usage of electronic devices are known risk factors of myopia. Many education systems were forced to apply online and hybrid teaching methods, to reduce the number of new cases of COVID-19. Medical students are a population well-known for intense visual work in the form of learning; (2) Methods: Visual acuity and refractive error were measured in the population of medical students. Participants also filled out the survey that included their population characteristic and their habits related to the hygiene of vision; (3) Results: We found a correlation between the age of the first diagnosis of myopia and current values of refractive error. The majority of participants believe that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the health of their vision. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students; (4) Conclusions: In the population of medical school students in Eastern Poland, visual acuity was lower than 1.0 in 232 (52.97%) in the right eye and 234 (53.42%) in the left eye. Early recognition of refractive error has influenced its current values. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students. More population-based studies should focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of vision.
Although urolithiasis is a common disease in the European population, bilateral staghorn stones are a relatively rare variant of nephrolithiasis. It is often associated with a chronic urinary tract infection or a metabolic disorder. The aim of this paper is to show an example of the treatment of bilateral staghorn stones in a patient chronically infected with a resistant strain of Proteus mirabilis. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is currently the gold standard of treatment. And this is the way the patient was managed. In the following section, the authors sought to describe new reports on this treatment method and how it could be improved. Conservative treatment does not appear to be a safe alternative. And of the other surgical treatments, PCNL has the greatest benefits. Nearly 68% of patients with bilateral staghorn stones have some underlying metabolic disorder in a small sample of patients. It seems reasonable, therefore, to introduce genetic and metabolic diagnosis in younger patients with the aim of prevention through diet or pharmacotherapy.
Od lat trwają badania nad zespołem sawanta, których celem jest ustalenie podłoża neurologicznego oraz anatomicznego tego niezwykłego fenomenu. W artykule dokonano przeglądu badań dotyczących zespołu sawanta z lat 2000-2022 - dostępnych w bazach PubMed, ResearchGate i Google Scholar. Zespół sawanta występuje z częstością 1,4 na 1000 osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną i u 10% osób z diagnozą zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu. Autyzm jest zaburzeniem, które najczęściej współwystępuje z zespołem sawanta – u około 50% wszystkich osób z diagnozą zespołu sawanta. Badacze wyróżniają: wrodzony zespół sawanta który – dotyczy około 90% osób z tym zespołem i nabyty zespół sawanta, który występuje w przebiegu otępienia czołowo-skroniowego lub u osób, które doświadczyły urazu ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Istnieje wiele teorii kognitywnych, które tłumaczą zdolności sawantów. Nie odkryto anatomicznego podłoża tej jednostki przy użyciu technik neuroobrazowania. Nie stworzono jak dotąd jednolitej teorii, która rzetelnie wyjaśniałaby etiologię i patomechanizm zespołu sawanta. Dotychczasowe badania neuroobrazowe osób z objawami zespołu sawanta były przeprowadzone na zbyt małej liczbie badanych. Istnieją przesłanki ku temu by sadzić, że stymulacja magnetyczna mózgu może przyczynić się do lepszego zrozumienia neurofizjologicznych podstaw tego zespołu.
Introduction: Obesity is now becoming a growing problem and challenge for medicine. The number of people with excessive body weight has now reached more than 2 billion, or about 30% of the world's population. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe some of the already known treatments for obesity, along with the latest research on the subject, in order to show the importance of developing and introducing new methods of weight loss.Aim of the study: The purpose of this article is to review the impact of obesity on health and the diets offered to people struggling with the disease.Materials and methods: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database up to November 2022, using the keywords.Results: Consistently limiting caloric intake is a must when losing weight. There are also diets such as low-carbohydrate, low-fat and high-protein diets, but following them can also have some side effects. For example, a high-protein diet can lead to kidney stones. The Mediterranean diet is also a good option for people with obesity. It lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. All obesity treatment suggestions consistently recommend a balanced and low-calorie diet with reduced fat (along with saturated fatty acids) and optimal amounts of fiber. In addition to diet, physical activity is an important topic. The primary recommendation for people with obesity is at least moderate to vigorous physical activity of at least 150 minutes per week.Summary: In conclusion, the overarching goal of obesity treatment is to improve quality of life. Calorie restriction, regular exercise or a combination of both is accepted as an effective strategy for preventing or treating obesity.
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that mainly affects the joints, but extra-articular symptoms may also occur. The global prevalence of RA is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 adults[1]. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease in the treatment of RA has led to the development of more effective treatments. Current drugs include glucocorticoids (GCs) and synthetic and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Apart from these, the most commonly used analgesics are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). BLMPs work by targeting specific molecules involved in the inflammatory process, not just symptom relief. Purpose: To review the currently available PubMed data on biologics and exercise for RA and their mechanisms in the context of disease pathophysiology and future prospects. Brief description of the state of knowledge: BLMPs are a necessary alternative in patients who have not achieved the treatment goal for 6 months or have experienced side effects during treatment with conventional disease-modifying drugs. We also analyzed the effect of exercise on the course of RA. Conclusions: The introduction of bDMARDs has opened a new era in the treatment of diseases such as RA. However, due to the difficult access to this form of therapy, side effects, contraindications to currently used drugs, and increasingly well-known mechanisms, there is also a need to constantly search for new solutions. A growing body of evidence in recent years suggests that regular physical activity has a positive effect on various aspects of RA, including disease-related outcomes, mental well-being, and cardiovascular health. Also in this non-pharmacological field, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the lifestyle of pregnant women. Pregnant women with COVID-19 are more likely to suffer from severe disease, as well as unfavorable pregnancy and childbirth. Currently, there is no causal treatment for this disease available, so attention should be paid to preventing infection with vaccines. Aim of the study: A review of the literature on the influence of COVID-19 vaccines on the course of pregnancy and summary of recommendations regarding the use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding. State of knwoledge: Three types of COVID-19 vaccines are most commonly used: mRNA vaccines, vector vaccines as well as subunit vaccines. In preclinical developmental and reproductive toxicity studies in animal models, there were no alarming safety signals, and observations of vaccinated pregnant women did not reveal any complications with respect to the course of pregnancy and development of the fetus. No cases of neonatal death have been reported in the first 28 days after birth. Most of the side effects following vaccination, such as injection site pain or tenderness, fatigue, fever or muscle pain, were moderate and resolved within 24 hours. The current research results confirm a positive immune response in pregnant women. Moreover, it is important that the presence of antibodies in the umbilical cord blood makes it possible to protect and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the newborn. Summary: All pregnant women, irrespective of trimester, and breastfeeding mothers are advised to administer a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine within an appropriate period of time after the primary vaccination schedule.
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