Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century

Abstract

Over the last few decades, several definitions of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been described. There is currently not enough research to show which way is the best to diagnose GDM. Opinions differ in terms of the optimal screening and diagnostic measures, in part due to the differences in the population risks, the cost-effectiveness considerations, and the lack of an evidence base to support large national screening programs. The basic method for identifying the disease is the measurement of glucose plasma levels which may be determined when fasting, two hours after a meal, or simply at any random time. The currently increasing incidence of diabetes in the whole population, the altering demographics and the presence of lifestyle changes still require better methods of screening for hyperglycemia, especially during pregnancy. The main aim of this review is to focus on the prevalence and modifications to the screening criteria for GDM across all continents in the 21st century. We would like to show the differences in the above issues and correlate them with the geographical situation. Looking at the history of diabetes, we are sure that more than one evolution in GDM diagnosis will occur, due to the development of medicine, appearance of modern technologies, and the dynamic continuation of research.

Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Based on Maternal Variables and Pregnancy Biomarkers

“…The incidence of GDM in our population is consistent with previous European studies [ 27 , 28 ]. In addition, a recent meta-analysis indicated that the overall weighted prevalence of GDM in a total of 24 European countries was 10.9% [ 29 ].…”

Role of Nutritional Habits during Pregnancy in the Developing of Gestational Diabetes: A Single-Center Observational Clinical Study

“…Currently, the traditional model is used for diagnosing GDM. Screening tests may vary slightly depending on the health care provider but generally include: initial glucose challenge test, where a blood sugar level of 190 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 10.6 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) indicates gestational diabetes [31,32]. A blood sugar level below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is usually considered within the standard range on a glucose challenge test, although this may vary by clinic or lab.…”

Effects of dietary intervention combined with insulin aspart on serum nesfatin-1 and CTRP12 levels and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

“…Moreover, a large amount of literature has confirmed that insulin aspart treatment can greatly reduce nesfatin-1, CTRP12, and blood glucose levels. [31,32] Another study found that the incidence of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in patients with GDM is greatly reduced by dietary interventions and insulin aspart treatment. [33] The results of this study showed that, after treatment, the proportion of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the proportions of premature infants, macrosomia, fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal hypoglycemia in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group.…”

“…Moreover, a large amount of literature has confirmed that insulin aspart treatment can greatly reduce nesfatin-1, CTRP12, and blood glucose levels. [ 31 , 32 ]…”