A sigma-delta digital/analog converter implemented in 0.6-CMOS uses a 6-bit modulator together with a segmented noise-shaped scrambling scheme to achieve 113-dB A-weighted dynamic range over a 20-kHz bandwidth. A continuous-time output stage is used to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio in a 9.1-mm 2 die area. The output stage uses a dual return-to-zero circuit that eliminates errors caused by intersymbol interference.
Nanodiscs provide an excellent system for the structure-function investigation of membrane proteins. Its direct advantage lies in presenting a water-soluble form of an otherwise hydrophobic molecule, making it amenable to a plethora of solution techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance is one such high-resolution approach that looks at the structure and dynamics of a protein with atomic level precision. Recently, there has been a breakthrough in making nanodiscs more susceptible for structure determination by solution NMR, yet it still remains to become the preferred choice for a membrane mimetic. In this practical review, we provide a general discourse on nanodisc and its application to solution NMR. We also offer potential solutions to remediate the technical challenges associated with nanodisc preparation and the choice of proper experimental set-ups. Along with discussing several structural applications, we demonstrate an alternative use of nanodiscs for functional studies, where we investigated the phosphorylation of a cell surface receptor, integrin. This is the first successful manifestation of observing activated receptor phosphorylation in nanodisc through NMR. We additionally present an on-column method for nanodisc preparation with multiple strategies and discuss the potential use of alternative nanoscale phospholipid bilayer systems like styrene maleic acid lipid disc and saposin-A lipoprotein disc.Keywords: beta barrel; integrin; membrane proteins; nanodisc; nanoscale phospholipid bilayers; saposin-A; SMALP; solution NMR; styrene maleic acid; transmembrane Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. Please, subscribe or login to access all content.
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