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Simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric techniques have been established for the determination of cimetidine (I), famotidine (II) and ranitidine hydrochloride (III) in presence of their S-oxide derivatives in both raw materials and in pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogen peroxide was used to enhance the formation of S-oxide compounds (oxidative derivatives). The first derivative of the ratio spectra ( 1 DD) technique has been applied for the determination of (I) and (II). While, direct zero order ( 0 D), first derivative ( 1 D) and the second derivative of the ratio spectra ( 2 DD) have been carried out for the determination of drug (III). Linear calibration 1055 curves were obtained for determination of (I) and (II) by applying 1 DD at 220 and 230 nm in the concentration range of 2-20 and 4-40 mg mL À1 with the mean percentage recoveries of 99.88 AE 0.943 (n ¼ 10) and 99.88 AE 0.824% (n ¼ 10) for (I) and (II), respectively. While for (III) linear calibration curves were obtained by applying 0 D, 1 D and 2 DD at 313, 334 and 255 nm, respectively. The concentration range was 2-20 mg mL À1 with the corresponding mean percentage recoveries of 100.13 AE 0.464, 100.01 AE 0.428 and 99.94 AE 0.439 for (I), (II) and (III), respectively. The results obtained by the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the official BP methods.

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Low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceutical detection has been performed based on the processing of an iodine stained TLC plate image captured by a smartphone CCD camera.