Objective: The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was 9.1% (697.5 million cases). Chronic kidney disease can occur, one of which is caused by drug nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity remains major problem for its effective long-term clinical use. Gentamicin is known to cause many morphologic, metabolic and functional alterations in the kidney and the specificity of gentamicin nephrotoxicity is related to its accumulation in the renal proximal convoluted tubules leading to tubular necrosis. Nephrotoxicity can be prevented by nephroprotective by giving antioxidants. Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) has potential as a nephroprotective because it contains chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity. Methods: Wistar rats as many as 25 animals were divided into five groups, namely the normal control negative control (gentamicin 60 mg/kg BW rat), and kirinyuh leaf extract at a dose of 225, 450 and 675 mg/kg BW treatment was carried out for 10 d. Serum creatinine and urea levels were evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groups of rats. Data analysis using the One Way Anova test and continued LSD test. Results: Serum creatinine was a significant difference between groups P = 0.000 (P<0.05). The results of LSD analysis on creatinine levels showed a significant difference between the normal group and the negative group (P = 0.00); negative group to dose group 1 (P = 0.020) (P<0.05); dose 2 (P = 0.005) (P<0.05); and dose 3 (P = 0.000) (P<0.05). Dose 3 had the lowest creatinine level compared to other dose groups. Conclusion: Serum creatinine level at dose 675 significantly changes compare by a negative group of other dose groups. Renal histopathology results showed that the group with a dose of 450 mg/BW of rats had the lowest necrosis rate compared to the negative control group and other dose groups.
Chitin which is the result of processing from green conch shell waste can be transformed into chitosan through a deacetylation process using variations in the concentration of NaOH. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of variations in base concentration to the value of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. The types of bases used are NaOH with the concentration variations of 50%, 55%, and 60%. Chitosan obtained was calculated the yield and characterized using FTIR. The results showed the optimum condition of the value of chitosan deacetylation degree was achieved by using 60% NaOH which produced the highest deacetylation degree value of 76.5%. Keywords: Green mussels shell, chitin, chitosan, deacetylation
Pendahuluan: Non steroid antiinflamasi drugs (NSAIDs) digunakan dalam mengatasi nyeri kronis dan inflamasi. NSAIDs menurunkan produksi prostaglandin dan prostasiklin dengan cara menghambat enzim siklooksigenase 1 dan siklooksigenase 2. Efek samping NSAIDs dapat menyebabkan gangguan di gastrointestinal, penyakit kardiovaskular, dan gangguan fungsi ginjal. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian adverse drug reaction obat golongan NSAIDs dan melihat hubungan antara kejadian ADR dengan usia dan jenis kelamin pada pasien swamedikasi di Kota Tasikmalaya. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan secara observasional dan prospektif yang dilakukan di 2 Apotek Kota Tasikmalaya pada bulan Februari - Mei 2019. Metode purposif sampling dilakukan untuk pengambilan sampel dengan jumlah sampel 52 responden. Instrumen pengambilan data menggunakan Algoritma Naranjo untuk mengidentifikasi apakah terdapat hubungan antara gejala klinik yang tidak diinginkan dengan obat yang digunakan menggunakan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan skor probabilitas . Kriteria inklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah responden yang mengkonsumsi NSAIDs dengan usia lebih dari 18 tahun, kriteria eksklusi adalah wanita hamil dan responden dengan penggunaan obat golongan NSAIDs menggunakan resep dokter. Analisis data secara statistik menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan dari 52 pasien swamedikasi terdapat 13 orang (25%) mengalami ADR obat golongan NSAIDs berupa mual, sakit di bagian lambung, tekanan darah meningkat dan melena. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukan terdapat hubungan kuat antara kejadian ADR dengan usia (p = 0,001) dan tidak adanya hubungan antara kejadian ADR dengan jenis kelamin (p = 0,155) (OR: 0,657). Kesimpulan: ADR yang terjadi pada responden berhubungan dengan usia tetapi tidak terdapat hubungan dengan jenis kelamin.
Penyakit hipertensi merupakan penyakit menahun yang membutuhkan pengobatan jangka panjang, seringkali seumur hidup. Banyak pasien kemudian mengeluhkan mengenai biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk pembelian dan pengobatan penyakit ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengobatan yang paling cost minimal pada pasien hipertensi yang dirawat di RSUD dr. Soekardjo Kota Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian obsevasional dengan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dan pengambilan data dilakukan secara prospektif. Data dikumpulkan pada periode bulan April sampai dengan September, Data yang dihimpun kemudian dianalisa secara farmakoekonomi. Total jumlah pasien yang bersedia untuk mengikuti penelitian ini sebanyak 100 orang pasien, namun yang termasuk dalam criteria inklusi sebanyak 32 pasien. Hasil analisa cost effective analysis untuk obat golongan ACEI sebesar 1,320.397.5, untuk golongan CCB 435,230.5, untuk golongan ARB 1,113.380.5, dan untuk golongan B-Bloker sebesar 556,411.5. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa golongan obat Calcium Channel Blocker merupakan obat yang paling cost minimal terhadap golongan obat hipertensi yang lain. Kata kunci : Farmakoekonomi, Cost Minimalize Analysis, Obat Antihipertensi
Objective: Astaxanthin is one of the natural carotenoids with strong antioxidant characteristics which is widely used in skin care. The aim of this study was developed to formulate and characterize the antioxidant serum containing astaxanthin nanoemulsion and the diffusion rate studies using diffusion Franz method. Methods: Astaxanthin nanoemulsion (As-NE) was prepared by using the self-nanoemulsifying method, followed by incorporation into serum preparation with the using carbomer as a gelling agent. Evaluation of serum As-NE was performed by physical, chemical characterizations and diffusion assay. Stability study was carried out in both accelerated (temperature of 40±2 °C/75±5%RH) and non-accelerated (at ambient temperature) conditions. Results: These results suggest that antioxidant serum As-NE had good physical and chemical characteristics that are suitable for topical administration. Conclusion: For the study of diffusion and stability under different storage conditions, it was proven that antioxidant serum As-NE form was packed in a carbomer as a gelling agent that could enhance the stability and diffusion rate of the astaxanthin.
Introduction: Kirinyuh leaf is a widely grown plant in Indonesia, containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Flavonoids are compounds that can capture free radicals or act as natural antioxidants. Effervescent granules can mask the bitter taste and simplify the dissolving process without involving manual stirring. Objective: The purpose of this study was to make and evaluate a formulation of effervescent granules of Kirinyuh leaf extract. Methods: The granule method was carried out by the wet granulation method. Granule evaluation included organoleptic test, water content test, dissolve time test, flow time test, pH test, and hedonic test. Results: Organoleptic test results showed similar granule size, slightly brownish colour, and characteristics of Kirinyuh leaf odour. When examining their quality, the granules produced met the requirements, with moisture content between 0.4% and 0.7%, dissolving time of 30-35 seconds, flow time test of 8-8.5 g/second, and pH of 5.6-5.8; the results of the hedonic test showed that the effervescent granule preparation was much preferred.
Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang berada pada zona khatulistiwa dan terkenal memiliki keanekaragaman jenis tanaman, tetapi potensi ini belum semuanya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan industri khususnya tanaman berkhasiat obat. Buah Pining (Hornstedtia alliacea) merupakan tanaman yang masih sedikit dimanfaatkan dalam bidang kesehatan dikarenakan masih minimnya informasi mengenai fitokimia dari tanaman tersebut. Dilakukan skrining fitokimia tanaman buah pining (Hornstedtia alliacea), untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, flavonoid, tanin, dan saponin, serta pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil skrining fitokimia yang diperoleh menunjukkan hasil positif untuk flavonoid, kuinon, monoterpen dan seskuiterpen pada ekstrak etanol, etil asetat dan N-Heksan. Pada pengujian antioksidan, ekstrak etil asetat memiliki potensi antioksidan yang paling kuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 23,43 ppm yang tergolong antioksidan kuat.
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