Despite recent advances in bonding restorations, which are the basis of restorative dentistry, secondary caries are still able to form. Previously, a novel fluoride-containing zinc and copper (ZCF) nanocomposite was introduced to prevent the formation of caries due to its antibacterial activity. In this study, we studied the impact of ZCF nanoparticles on the adhesive strength of bonding restorations through micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. The impact of antibacterial and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the nanoparticles was also examined. The nanocomposites were prepared using a simple one-step homogeneous co-precipitation method at a low temperature. A self-etch adhesive was applied to 10 extracted caries-free human molars with (test group) and without (control group) the ZCF nanoparticles. This was followed by composite resin build-up and µTBS testing, MMP activity assays, and evaluation of the antibacterial effects. The results showed no significant differences in the µTBS between the ZCF and the control groups. However, the ZCF exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9, in addition to an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the addition of ZCF nanoparticles to adhesive systems can result in MMP inhibition and antibacterial action while maintaining the mechanical properties of the bonding restorations.
Tooth-bound (KOH-insoluble) fluoride prevents caries via long retention within the tooth structure. Tooth-bound fluoride in the enamel was investigated after applying various fluoride-containing tooth-coating materials using an in-air micro [Formula: see text] PIXE/PIGE system. Three different fluoride-containing or a non-fluoride containing coating materials were applied to the coronal enamel surface of 24 extracted human molars. The samples were stored in water for 1 or 7 days and then sectioned into two slices. One slice was immersed in 1M KOH solution for 24 h for KOH-insoluble fluoride (KOH(T)) analysis. The second slice was not subjected to KOH treatment and was used to analyze the whole fluoride (KOH-soluble plus insoluble fluoride: KOH(U)). Fluorine and calcium distribution were measured in all the slices with [Formula: see text]PIXE/PIGE. KOH(U) was higher than KOH(T) on some materials, especially those that released more fluoride. For KOH(T), there was no significant difference among all fluoride-containing materials in the 7-day group. However, there were significant differences in the KOH(U) samples during the same period. PIXE/PIGE analysis confirmed the presence of tooth-bound fluoride in the enamel adjacent to the fluoride-containing coating materials. The amount of tooth-bound fluoride depended on the type of material.
Several desensitizers routinely used clinically for dentin hypersensitivity are expected to inhibit demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing materials in inhibiting demineralization and increasing fluorine (F) uptake by acid-treated root surfaces. Five noncarious extracted human teeth were used to produce specimens. Three different fluoride-containing materials, namely “MS Coat F” (MS), “MS Coat Hys Block Gel” (HS), and CTX2 Varnish (FV), were used herein. Each material was applied to the demineralized root surface. Single sections were obtained from each specimen. All surfaces of each specimen, except the polished surface, were covered with wax and immersed in an automatic pH cycling system for 2 weeks. Fluorine and calcium distributions in the carious lesions of each specimen were evaluated using proton-induced gamma emission (PIGE) and X-ray (PIXE) techniques, respectively. Dentin demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography (TMR) before and after pH cycling. µPIXE/PIGE analysis demonstrated that all sample groups showed increased fluoride uptake on the root surface. TMR analysis revealed that both HS and FV showed significantly lower integrated mineral loss values than the control group. All three samples demonstrated a tendency towards increased fluoride uptake from fluoride-containing hypersensitivity desensitizers and a demineralization inhibition effect on root dentin.
This study employed an in-air micro-proton-induced X-ray/gamma-ray emission system to assess the effectiveness of fluoridecontaining materials (FCMs) incorporating calcium in preventing root caries. Dentin surfaces of human third molars were coated with one of three FCMs: fluoride-releasing glass-ionomer cement (F7) and experimental materials in which half (P1) or all (P2) of the strontium in F7 was replaced with calcium. Dentin without FCM coating served as the control. Specimens were immersed in saline at 37°C for 1 month, sectioned, and then demineralized. Calcium loss after demineralization was lower in the Ca-substituted groups than in the Ca-unsubstituted groups (p<0.05). Calcium loss was negatively correlated with fluoride uptake (p<0.01). In the F7, P1, and P2 groups, the retraction of the dentin surface was significantly suppressed as compared with the control group. FCMs incorporating calcium improved the acid resistance of root dentin and could help prevent root caries.
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