This study investigated whether the associations between (a) the quality of the parent-child relationship and peer acceptance and (b) early adolescents' life satisfaction differed depending on the importance of family values in the respective culture. As part of the Value of Children Study, data from a subsample of N = 1,034 adolescents (58% female, M age = 13.62 years, SD = 0.60 years) from 11 cultures was analyzed. Multilevel analyses revealed a positive relation between parental admiration and adolescents' life satisfaction independent of cultural membership. Further, the higher the importance at UNIV OF ILLINOIS URBANA on March 15, 2015 jea.sagepub.com Downloaded from

This study examined the rarely investigated interplay between religiosity, family orientation, and life satisfaction of adolescents across four countries with a Christian tradition and different religious contexts. A mediation relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction through family orientation moderated by the country context of religiosity was examined. In a sample of 1,077 adolescents from France (n = 172), Germany (n = 270), Poland (n = 348), and the United States (n = 287), we found that in all cultures, religiosity had a positive impact on adolescents' family orientation, which was in turn related to a higher life satisfaction. This link was stronger in cultures with a high overall religiosity (Poland and the United States) as compared to one of the two cultures with the lowest importance of religion (Germany).

Even though previous attachment taxometric studies supported the conclusion that attachment is rather dimensional than categorical construct, they also did not provide consistent support against categorical approach. Addressing limitations of previous taxometric studies on adult attachment, we asked two research questions: Is attachment as measured by the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) categorical or dimensional? What is the predictive validity of categorical and dimensional approaches? To answer these questions, data of the AAS from 869 parents, 575 adolescents, and 500 grandmothers from the same families in Poland were analyzed. Taxometric analyses were replicated across three generations providing weak evidences to support the dimensional approach. Clustering methods provided an additional support revealing that empirically derived categories of attachment are based on security level but not on qualitatively different attachment patterns. Analyses testing predictive effects of categorical compared to dimensional approaches to attachment assessment revealed that a dimensional approach is more valid than a categorical approach in testing hypotheses related to the intergenerational transmission of attachment.

Causal relations between parenting stress, attachment, and life satisfaction tested in previous studies are multidirectional, even though grounded in respective theories. Additionally, relations between them are dependent on multiple factors viable to act as potential confounders. We set out to analyze the relation between parenting stress of mothers and their life satisfaction as mediated through their general attachment orientations treated as personal resources hypothesized to act as the filter toward their parenting experiences. Three questions were asked: Is the parenting stress-life satisfaction link mediated through attachment? Does the mediation mechanism differ when attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety are analyzed? Is the mediation effect sensitive to potential confounding factors? Data from 575 mothers of adolescents were collected using self-reports. Results revealed that parenting stress-life satisfaction relation is partially mediated through attachment, and that the mediation mechanism is different when anxious or avoidant attachment dimensions are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that mediation models are sensitive to potentially confounding factors. Trying to tackle potential confounders, we tested economic status and the number of children the mother ever had. None of them had enough power to decrease mediation effects. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, causality, and recommendations for further research.

This study analyzed the unique effects of gender and culture on psychopathology in adolescents from seven countries after controlling for factors which might have contributed to variations in psychopathology. In a sample 2259 adolescents (M = 15 years; 54% female) from France, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Peru, Pakistan, and Poland identity stress, coping with identity stress, maternal parenting (support, psychological control, anxious rearing) and psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing and total symptomatology) were assessed. Due to variations in stress perception, coping style and maternal behavior, these covariates were partialed out before the psychopathology scores were subjected to analyses of variance with gender and country as factors. These analyses leveled out the main effect of country and revealed country-specific gender effects. In four countries, males reported higher internalizing and total symptomatology than females. Partialing out the covariates resulted in a clearer picture of culture-specific and genderdependent effects on psychopathology, which is helpful in designing interventions.Adolescence is regarded as a window of vulnerability for developing psychopathology, due to the many changes with which adolescents have to cope. Of central concern are identity issues, as identity formation is a core developmental challenge for adolescents (Erikson, 1968). Of note, the construct of identity has been integrated as a central diagnostic criterion for personality disorders in the DSM-5, and identity conflicts contribute to many adolescence-typical disorders such as eating disorders, self-harming behavior or depression (OPD-CA-2 Task Force, 2017). Rapid social and technological changes, the increasing plurality of norms and values, and a growing structural uncertainty at the societal level have made identity formation more difficult for adolescents across the world (Kroger & Marcia, 2011). Further, there is some indication that in some Western countries dysfunctional parenting adds to the difficulty in establishing a separate identity, thereby contributing to an increased symptom level of the adolescent (Barber, 2002;Lemoyne & Buchanan, 2011).Given the increasing diversity in Western countries as well as the increasing globalization, it seems important to analyze what

The present paper aims to propose a possible ways of integrating analyses related with parental socialization with analyses related with parenting, caregiving and raising up/upbringing a child. A few theoretical analyses were proposed to this end. First, concept of socialization was discussed in its culture related and axiological aspects. Secondly, socialization theory with dimensions of socialization as proposed by Gruces and Davidov (2010) was described. Finally, the proposition of the hierarchical structuration of concepts under the study was formulated introducing relations between parental socialization, parental caregiving, as well as predominant in main stream English-language literature concept of parenting, and common in Polish literature concept of raising up/upbringing. Building the bridge connecting these concepts is needed for at least two reasons. On the one hand, it is needed for researchers connecting various concepts and theories of the lower level than socialization theory in their analyses, e.g., attachment theory in which parental caregiving is analyzed with parenting framework traditionally having different roots. On the other hand, bridging these concepts may be helpful in connecting Polish tradition of research on raising up/upbringing and main stream foreigner psychological research on parenting and socialization.

To explain attachment development in adolescence in different contexts we applied the family solidarity model (e.g., Bengtson, 2001) generally used to analyze intergenerational adult children-elderly parents relations. The model differentiates four family solidarity patterns which were assumed in our study to occur in adolescent-parent relations, though with a different distribution. We tested a susceptibility hypothesis assuming that effects of parenting will be stronger in family patterns with higher, compared to lower, affectual solidarity. A sample of Polish adolescents, their mothers (N = 570, both), and their fathers (N = 290) was surveyed as part of the Value-of-Children-Study (Trommsdorff & Nauck, 2005). Four family patterns were identified: highly affectual amicable and harmonious; and less affectual and most frequently displayed detached and disharmonious patterns. The parenting susceptibility hypothesis was supported: For amicable and harmonious families, adolescents' perception of maternal rejection was more strongly related with their attachment compared to the other family types. Partly in line with our hypothesis, effects of paternal rejection on adolescents' attachment were strongest in amicable families, however not significant in harmonious families. The study demonstrates that the relation between parenting on adolescents' attachment representation is influenced by the pattern of family parentschild relations.

This study addresses how maternal positivity and negativity toward a child in three countries, separately and in combination are related to attachment in middle childhood. We first developed an ecologically valid emic measure of the Maternal Positivity-Negativity Scale through an interview-based study (90 mothers) and then tested our hypotheses in a separate study. The child’s attachment security (where the child uses the mother as a safe haven and secure base) and insecurity (attachment anxiety and avoidance) were assessed using standard measures. Equal numbers of mothers and their children between 8 and 12 years of age from Poland, Turkey, and the Netherlands participated in the main study (756 dyads). Results revealed that: (1) maternal positivity was more strongly associated, than maternal negativity, with child security; (2) maternal negativity was more strongly associated, than maternal positivity, with child anxiety, and its relation was stronger when maternal positivity was low; (3) maternal negativity was more strongly associated with child anxiety than with child avoidance; (4) the maternal positivity-over-negativity prevalence index was related to child attachment security and insecurity; (5) relations between maternal positivity and child attachment were moderated by culture. Results are discussed considering attachment in middle childhood and culture-related perspectives.