The Sal (Shorea robusta) dominated forest vegetation of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, West Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India was explored to evaluate the diversity and vegetation structure through different phyto-sociological attributes. The knowledge of the structure and composition of the plant communities has enormous significance in conservation of managed forests, therefore, the plant species diversity, structure and importance value index (IVI) at various levels, viz., trees, shrubs and herbs were studied. A total of 153 plant species (66 trees, 30 shrubs and 57 herbs) belonging to 124 genera of 51 families were recorded from the 30 random plots marked for sampling within the sanctuary. The IVI was highest in Shorea robusta (40.87) and lowest in Syzygium salicifolium (1.08). Shannon-Weaver’s diversity index was recorded highest in herbaceous species (3.66) than in trees (3.08) and shrubs (2.66). Simpson’s index was highest in trees (0.106) than in shrubs (0.035) and herbs (0.028). Pielou’s index was found highest in herbs (0.064) than in shrubs (0.048) and trees (0.046) which was within the range reported for different Indian forests and also which indicates that the sanctuary exhibits species diverse forest. The result of plant species diversity and their quantitative features reveal that the overall community is heterogeneous.
Vegetables as the succulent pot herb are the most vulnerable to vagaries of climate change i.e. extreme weather events, such as elevated temperature, lengthy droughts, untimely rains, heavy rainfalls, violent storms, sea rising and resurgence of biotic stresses such as weeds, pathogens and their vectors, and insect pests. Adjoining to this, shrinking of cultivable land, limited natural resources, lower productivity, higher inputs cost, shortage of man power, low market price, hesitation among youth to choose farming as career etc. endorse the adoption of protected cultivation as the ultimatum to all these troublesome. In recent days, protected or greenhouse cultivation of high value vegetables like capsicum especially during offseason has been witnessed in increasing trends among small and marginal farmers as it is high value and low volume crop and produce higher yield in manifolds with superior quality. Protected structure not only delimits the abiotic and biotic stresses in capsicum cultivation but also accounts for higher economic remuneration to growers and provide a boost to their socio-economic development through adoption of improved package of practice such as mulching, drip irrigation, fertigation, training and pruning, better plant protection management, etc. Though, protected cultivation is remunerative but high initial investment, lack of technical guidance, non-availability of genuine building material for protected structure, torrential flood, cyclone etc. are major constraints and setbacks prevailed in developing counties like India for its adoption and commercialization. Therefore, this review covers all the aspects of protected cultivation in Capsicum to find an amicable solution through improved technologies.
French bean is being considered as an important legume for human diet having rich source of dietary proteins, minerals and vitamins. Germplasm characterization and evaluation is having great contribution in breeding and crop improvement. Substantial phenotypic and genetic characterization of untapped French bean germplasm are still needed to unlock its breeding potential. Purposefully, 27 diverse French bean genotypes comprising primitive, cultivars, commercial cultivars, farmers grown varieties were collected from different parts of India, characterized as per Distinct, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) and evaluated for associated morpho-phenological traits in randomized complete block design. The screened panel revealed highly significant differences among French bean genotypes for all the traits under study which witnessed the existence of sufficient variability in the French bean genotypes in which first two Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 20.03% and 13.32% of the total morphological variability. The genotypes were well scattered in PCA axis forming groups with various traits as per contribution towards the variability. The genotype IC 632961 having desirable traits which could be an elite germplasm for future crop improvement.
The quality of strawberry is highly hampered by improper crop management, which can only be solved by using different types of mulches. It is very rare in literature, where the different types of mulches are used for the quality assessment. To carry out this new strategy to sustain the quality of strawberry the present study was carried out using various kind of mulches viz., white polythene mulch, yellow polythene mulch, black polythene much, green polythene mulch, news-paper mulch, wood husk mulch, serpat grass mulch, red polythene mulch, jute bag mulch comprised of 10 treatments and 3 replications under the randomized block design. The findings revealed that the application of black plastic mulch significantly increased the total number of fruit (12.67), length of fruit (6.21 cm), width of fruit (4.20 cm), weight of fruit (16.30 g), yield plant-1 (200.10g), yield plot-1 (3.20kg), total soluble solids (11.85%), total sugar (8.58%), reducing sugar (7.90%), non-reducing sugar (1.75%) and vitamin C (45.91 mg 100g-1). It is pertinent to infer that the application of the mulches (either black or yellow) performed and better over control.
Layout is a precious component in Agriculture. Layout has pivotal and unique role not only in Agriculture sector but also applicable for manufacturing and construction sector. In agriculture, starting from field bond construction, irrigation channel preparation, dam construction, orchard development, farm pond making to greenhouse construction, layout is utmost important. Modern Agriculture based on Precision Farming where layout plan is important consideration without which, it is difficult to manage different components precisely. Pythagorean Theorem is the meticulous way to obtain accuracy in measure of layout. Otherwise, it endorses serious drawback in modern concept farming as it is more complex than age old traditional farming. At present day, ignorance among the farmers, students, research persons, technical personnel and others, create a great limitation of this formula to be used in agriculture sector. Hence, this article is documented about important practical uses of 3-4-5 rule in various aspects of Agriculture.
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