Desde la perspectiva de los estudios psicosociales de identidades laborales, este artículo analiza cómo los dispositivos de rendición de cuentas, promovidos por las actuales orientaciones en gestión pública, son significados y valorados a nivel local. Inserto en una investigación mayor a 3 años plazo, este artículo reporta el análisis de las entrevistas realizadas en el contexto de un estudio de casos múltiples de tipo etnográfico que incluyó 2 centros de atención primaria de salud, 2 escuelas municipalizadas y 2 organismos ejecutores de políticas sociales de Santiago y Valparaíso (Chile), escogidos mediante un muestreo teórico. Se analizaron 82 entrevistas a profesores, profesionales de salud primaria y de políticas sociales. Los resultados muestran como los entrevistados establecen una disputa en torno a cuáles son los contenidos de su trabajo, describiendo que lo prescrito por los dispositivos de rendición de cuentas no se corresponde con aquello que es y debe ser su trabajo. Las acciones y valoraciones defendidas por los entrevistados responden a lo que otros investigadores han denominado ética del trabajo público, la que estaría siendo debilitada por estos dispositivos.Palabras clave: rendición de cuentas, políticas públicas, identidad laboral, ética del trabajo, análisis del discurso Based on the perspective of psychosocial studies of labor identities, this paper studies how accountability devices, promoted by current public administration trends, are locally assessed and interpreted. Within a larger 3-year study, the article reports on the analysis of interviews conducted during a multiple-case ethnographic study which included 2 primary health care centers, 2 municipal schools, and 2 institutions that implement social policies located in Santiago and Valparaíso (Chile), chosen through theoretical sampling. The study analyzed 82 interviews with teachers, primary health professionals, and officials working in agencies that implement social policies. Keywords: accountability, public policy, labor identity, ethic of work, discourse analysis Durante las últimas tres décadas se han realizado diversas reformas en el ámbito de la gestión pública, caracterizadas por promover la rendición de cuentas, la flexibilización contractual y la privatización de la denominada provisión de servicios públicos. Han sido impulsadas por organismos tales como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y la Organización Para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), en lo que ha sido llamado el nuevo management público (NMP; Bezes et al., 2012;Dahl, 2009;Hood, 1991). Según sus promotores con ello no solo se incrementaría la eficacia y eficiencia, sino que además se garantizaría el cumplimiento de una ética del trabajo público.
A key element of the platform business model is concentrating great organisational power over the work process while simultaneously allowing workers certain degrees of autonomy and encouraging them to see themselves as self‐employed. This study applied the neo‐normative control concept to analyse the mechanisms platforms use to promote freedom of choice and self‐regulation values, which are formed extra‐organisationally in deeply neoliberal societies such as Chile. The Uber ride‐hailing and Pedidos Ya home delivery platforms in Chile were examined using a labour process theory framework based on an ethnographic design. The results show the specific ways in which these platforms deploy forms of neo‐normative control, how this deployment is anchored in the labour context of neoliberal Chilean society, and how workers re‐signify, stress, or seek to subvert this control strategy. The findings' theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
The expansion of the platform economy has altered the spatial organization of work and employment relations, leading to deregulation and eroding workers’ social power. However, despite the radical individualization and precarization of platform work, workers demonstrate agency. This article explores the political strategies employed by place-based platform workers, with a particular focus on the spatiality of their collective action. Using an ethnographic methodology, the article analyses the case studies of drivers’ trade associations in Chile and the couriers’ organization in Spain. The results show significant similarities between the two groups: (a) non-conventional forms of labour activism; (b) using social media to share experiences, foster solidarity and organize collectively; (c) organizing in large cities; (d) starting locally and progressing to higher scales, and (e) building national and international alliances. The article concludes that workers respond to the spatial organization of work by platforms in a multi-scalar way that is strongly influenced by both their imaginaries and the political and regulatory context.
Recently in Latin America, numerous mobilizations of workers against the precariousness of work in delivery platforms have been developed. In this study, we argue that consolidation into strong organizations for defending platform workers’ interests is strongly related to the socio-political and institutional contexts they are involved in. Drawn upon the understanding of solidarity among workers as a phenomenon rooted in the labor process, as well as the relevance of socio-political and institutional context for the organizing processes among precarious workers, this study addresses the cases of self-organization of platforms deliverers in Chile and Peru. Based on ethnographic research, the results show common characteristics of workers’ self-organization, which are related to similar labor processes in delivery platforms. In addition, results shed light on the relevance of the socio-political and institutional context in providing resources for the consolidation of grassroots organizations, especially after platform counter-actions.
La flexibilización e individualización de las relaciones laborales han multiplicado las modalidades de vinculación laboral que no cuentan con las protecciones ni los rasgos distintivos de la relación salarial, llevando al debilitamiento sindical y la promoción de subjetividades laborales que dificultan la composición de colectivos de trabajadores. No obstante, los procesos de organización perviven, y los modos en que se concretan pueden ser estudiados relevando la agencia y los modos de existencia colectiva de las y los trabajadores. Para ello, propongo una etnografía psicosocial de colectivos laborales articulando el estudio del cotidiano, la organización como prácticas y la centralidad del discurso en la disputa laboral contemporánea. Ilustro esta propuesta con el caso de trabajadores municipales a honorarios en Chile, cuya organización evidenció la amplia presencia de falsos autónomos en el Estado.
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