NanoMAX is the first hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV laboratory. It utilizes the unique properties of the world's first operational multi-bend achromat storage ring to provide an intense and coherent focused beam for experiments with several methods. In this paper we present the beamline optics design in detail, show the performance figures, and give an overview of the surrounding infrastructure and the operational diffraction endstation.
A commercial scientific camera has been adapted and characterized at the SOLEIL Synchrotron with the aim to improve the acquisition capabilities on the soft X-ray coherent scattering experimental station at SEXTANTS beamline. This device is equipped by the last generation of back side illuminated scientific CMOS (BSI-sCMOS) of 2048 by 2048 pixels of 11 m² able to acquire low noise images with a frame rate up to 48 Hz. The camera's performance measurements have been done and shows a good level of readout noise, a large full-well capacity, a medium dark current and a good homogeneity, respectively, 1.6 e-rms (in High Gain mode), 80 000 e-(in Low Gain mode), < 5 e-/pixel/s and ~ 1%. The quantum efficiency (QE) measurement has been performed at the soft x-ray branch of the METROLOGIE beamline and gives a relatively good agreement with the expected theoretical values. Finally, the demonstration of the camera's efficiency and of the gain in useful time measurement related to the high frame rate have been performed with a series of Airy patterns images compared with an image recorded using the standard BSI-CDD already in operation at the SEXTANTS beamline.
Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography is a quantitative three-dimensional imaging technique offered to users of multiple synchrotron radiation sources. Its dependence on the coherent fraction of the available X-ray beam makes it perfectly suited to diffraction-limited storage rings. Although MAX IV is the first, and so far only, operating fourth-generation synchrotron light source, none of its experimental stations is currently set up to offer this technique to its users. The first ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment has therefore been performed on the NanoMAX beamline. From the results, information was gained about the current limitations of the experimental setup and where attention should be focused for improvement. The extracted parameters in terms of scanning speed, size of the imaged volume and achieved resolutions should provide a baseline for future users designing nano-tomography experiments on the NanoMAX beamline.
SoftiMAX is a new beamline for soft X-ray spectro-microscopy currently under construction at the new MAX IV synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. It is situated at the 3 GeV ring at MAX IV, and will provide a very high average coherent flux owing to the low emittance properties of the ring [1]. The SoftiMAX project consists of two branch lines, utilizing different focusing solutions and catering to a variety of imaging methods. As the construction of the beamline is nearing completion, we present the design and an outlook on the capabilities of the experimental stations when the beamline comes into operation in 2019.In overview, the available photon energy range of SoftiMAX is 275 to 2500 eV, with full polarization control up to approx. 1650 eV. The energy resolution will lie between 1000 and 15000 E/dE, depending on the grating and energy used, and the flux on sample in the main branch end-station is ca. 2×10 10 ph/sec at 275 eV and ca. 2×10 9 ph/sec at 2500 eV with a 1200 l/mm grating and a 20 nm-FZP.The main branch of SoftiMAX will host an end-station optimized for scanning techniques such as Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) and diffraction imaging (ptychography [2]). Accordingly, the x-ray beam will be focused using Fresnel Zone Plates (FZP) to a beam size on the sample below 100 nm to allow for small illumination footprint (STXM) or a larger beam size to ease methods that require overlapping illumination (ptychography). STXM will be the first method offered when SoftiMAX becomes operational in early 2019, and the STXM branch is envisioned to support a wide range of sample types, including material science, environmental science, life science and biology.In our microscope design, the sample is fixed on the beam axis, and the FZP element (and OSA) is moved for focusing. Both the FZP and the sample scanner assembly can be used for unidirectional continuous line scanning during data acquisition. The scanner control loop is closed by an interferometer setup and will have a maximum field-of-view of approximately 80 m, while the dwell times are planned to be as short as 100 s per pixel. The first version of the sample holder will operate at room temperature, and can be used in concert with a PMT detector, a silicon drift (fluorescence) detector, a avalanche photodiode, and a sCMOS pixel detector for high-resolution diffraction imaging with an acquisition rate of up to 100 fps. The sample assembly is exchangeable and can be replaced with a custom sample environment.The second branch of SoftiMAX will provide a larger spot size than the main branch, but higher flux, by using Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing optics. The maximum total flux is estimated to be 5×10 13 ph/sec at 900 eV in a spot of 20 m in the focal plane (300 l/mm grating). The micrometer beam size will support methods that require a fully coherent extended beam, such as Fourier Transform Holography, which is the principal mode of operation for this branch. The corresponding end-station will be optimized for the studies of magnetic thin films us...
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