Populations all over the world are increasingly inactive and are consuming increasing quantities of fats and sugars, which is generally linked to industrially processed foods. The consequences have rapidly manifest as an increase in overweight/obesity and in physiological and metabolic changes, such as the Metabolic Syndrome, which is a series of changes in glycemia, lipids and blood pressure. There is evidence of a close relationship between these changes and inflammatory processes, which can also be linked to oxidative stress. These conditions lead to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities or intensify metabolic processes that accompany the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this review is to compare the large number of bibliographic references that show correlations between components of the Metabolic Syndrome and increases in the mediators of inflammation. The publications reviewed were located using the Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs and Scielo databases and the majority of the articles selected were published within the last 5 years.Keywords: metabolic syndrome ; arteriosclerosis; inflammation. ResumoObserva-se, nas populações mundiais, aumento do sedentarismo e aumento do consumo de gorduras e açúcares, sendo estes vinculados normalmente aos alimentos industrializados. A consequência disso rapidamente se manifestou no aumento do sobrepeso/obesidade e na instalação de alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas, como a Síndrome Metabólica, que é representada por alterações na glicemia, nos lipídeos e na pressão arterial. Há evidências de ligação estreita entre estas alterações e os processos inflamatórios, que também podem estar associados ao estresse oxidativo. Estas condições levam à patogênese das alterações vasculares ou intensificam os processos metabólicos que acompanham a Síndrome Metabólica. O objetivo desta revisão foi comparar as inúmeras referências literárias que mostram correlação entre os componentes da Síndrome Metabólica e o aumento dos mediadores de inflamação. Para isso, utilizou-se Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs e Scielo como base de dados, sendo que os artigos selecionados dataram principalmente dos últimos cinco anos.Palavras-chave: síndrome metabólica; arteriosclerose; inflamação.
RMR did not interfere in underreporting estimates. However, PAL variations were responsible for significant differences in cutoff point. Thus, PAL should be considered when estimating underreporting, and even though the individual approach is less sensitive than the group approach, it may be a useful tool for clinical practice.
Background Dyslipidemias are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) has emerged as a new target for assessment and prediction of risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is closely associated with atheroma plaque progression. Objectives To evaluate associations between HDL-c and non-HDL-c levels and anthropometric and biochemical parameters and with the Castelli risk indexes I and II. Methods 300 randomly selected people were subdivided into two groups: patients with normal values for non-HDL-c and patients with altered values for non-HDL-c. These parameters were analyzed for associations with glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), Castelli Index I (CI-I), Castelli Index II (CI-II), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Results Glycemia, TC, TG, LDL-c, CI-I, CI-II, WC and BMI were all significantly different between subjects with normal and altered values of HDL-c and non-HDL-c. TC and WC both exhibited significantly higher values among patients with abnormal non-HDL-c when compared to patients with abnormal HDL-c. A significant difference was observed in occurrence of MS among patients with altered values of HDL-c and non-HDL-c. Conclusions Our results show that both HDL-c and non-HDL-c are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherogenic indices, and obesity. There is therefore a need for randomized clinical intervention trials examining the potential role of non-HDL-c as a possible primary therapeutic target.
Objective: evaluating the adequacy, prescription and energy supply of enteral nutrition therapy in hospitalized patients. Methods: was performed a retrospective survey of the evolution of TNE protocol of 59 patients hospitalized in a general hospital in Marília / SP / BR. Data collected included gender, age, clinical diagnosis, anthropometric and dietary data related to the prescribed dietary formula, route and method of administration of the enteral nutrition, the daily volume prescribed and administered, the daily amount of energy required and offered in the diet, as well as possible complications. Body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF) and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were used to establish the nutritional status of the patients. The adequacy of ENT was done according to the daily energy requirement compared to the average energy received during the daily use of ENT. Results: The average found to the BMI was 21.4 kg/m 2 , and no differences were found comparing male and female. The data for TSF and AMC were different between genders (p<0.05) and suggest a more severe muscle mass in relation to adipose tissue.The averaged to the energy requirements was 1642 kcal/day but the average of energy prescribed was 1045 kcal/day and the amount offered was 1035 kcal/day. There was a significant difference between the necessity and the supplied energy offered through enteral nutrition (p=0.00) as well between the energy required and prescribed (p =0.00), both were shorter than the necessity. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in energy supply, volume of enteral nutrition prescribed and administered among eutrophic, underweight or overweight patients. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the prescription and energy supply were not based on the needs of these patients, causing a significant energy deficit, which can lead to worsening of the nutritional status of the same. In hospitalized patients in use of ENT, the energy requirement must be made by a qualified professional within the multidisciplinary team, based on the needs of each patient.
Artigo recebido em 09/12/2010 Aprovado para publicação em 13/09/2011 P P P P Pa a a a apel dos ácidos g pel dos ácidos g pel dos ácidos g pel dos ácidos g pel dos ácidos gr r r r rax ax ax ax axos ôme os ôme os ôme os ôme os ômeg g g g ga 3 na a 3 na a 3 na a 3 na a 3 na r r r r resolução dos pr esolução dos pr esolução dos pr esolução dos pr esolução dos processos inf ocessos inf ocessos inf ocessos inf ocessos inflama lama lama lama lamatórios tórios tórios tórios tórios RESUMOA inflamação é uma resposta de defesa do organismo ao trauma ou a infecções por microorganismos. Na fase de término da inflamação e retorno à homeostase ocorrem mecanismos de regulação chamados de resolução onde há alternância de prostaglandinas pró-inflamatórias e leucotrienos a mediadores pró-resolução, produzidos a partir de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ω3 (ácido eicosapentanóico e ácido docosapentanóico). A dieta interfere na composição de ácidos graxos das membranas celulares que serão metabolizados em compostos ativos chamados de resolvinas, protectinas e maresinas. Como as doenças inflamatórias têm papel importante na saúde pública o estudo destas substâncias e o delineamento de seus efeitos podem trazer novos horizontes no tratamento das doenças inflamató-rias, com redução de custos e minimização de efeitos colaterais. Palavras-Chave:Inflamação. Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3. Resolvinas. Protectinas. Introdução Introdução Introdução Introdução IntroduçãoO processo inflamatório é uma resposta de defesa ao trauma ou a infecções microbianas e é iniciada com a finalidade de extinguir o estímulo que a desencadeou ou para remover um dano tissular. Muitas doenças como mal de Alzheimer, Diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, asma, artrite reumatóide, periodontite, câncer e outras são resultantes de processos inflamatórios inapropriados ou excessivos que as iniciam e as acompanham de forma crônica. 1,2 Em condições favoráveis a resposta inflamató-ria aguda é adequada de tal forma que controla os eventos danosos ao tecido, por exemplo, para eliminar microorganismos invasores e para preparar o local para os processos de recuperação. Se os danos teciduais são de proporções tais que as células podem recuperar suas funções normais, dá-se o nome ao processo de resolução. No entanto, muitas vezes a lesão persiste e os mecanismos de cicatrização não se completam. A conseqüência é que são estimuladas as defesas do sistema imunológico com ativação de macró-fagos, liberação de mediadores químicos, metabólitos reativos (radicais livres), moléculas de adesão, proteases e enzimas hidrolíticas, citocinas inflamatórias, como as interleucinas (IL) e fator de necrose tumoral α (TNFα) e fatores de crescimento. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] No caminho de término da inflamação em direção da homeostase, ou seja, no processo de resolução, ocorrem mecanismos de regulação ativa onde há
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