Sarcopenia is a disease that becomes more prevalent as the population ages, since it is directly linked to the process of senility, which courses with muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength. Over time, sarcopenia is linked to obesity, being known as sarcopenic obesity, and leads to other metabolic changes. At the molecular level, organokines act on different tissues and can improve or harm sarcopenia. It all depends on their production process, which is associated with factors such as physical exercise, the aging process, and metabolic diseases. Because of the seriousness of these repercussions, the aim of this literature review is to conduct a review on the relationship between organokines, sarcopenia, diabetes, and other metabolic repercussions, as well the role of physical exercise. To build this review, PubMed-Medline, Embase, and COCHRANE databases were searched, and only studies written in English were included. It was observed that myokines, adipokines, hepatokines, and osteokines had direct impacts on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and its metabolic repercussions. Therefore, knowing how organokines act is very important to know their impacts on age, disease prevention, and how they can be related to the prevention of muscle loss.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are related to nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) dysregulation. In vitro and in vivo studies using phytocompounds as modulators of the Nrf2 signaling in IBD have already been published. However, no existing review emphasizes the whole scenario for the potential of plants and phytocompounds as regulators of Nrf2 in IBD models and colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. For these reasons, this study aimed to build a review that could fill this void. The PubMed, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and Google Scholar databases were searched. The literature review showed that medicinal plants and phytochemicals regulated the Nrf2 on IBD and IBD-associated colorectal cancer by amplifying the expression of the Nrf2-mediated phase II detoxifying enzymes and diminishing NF-κB-related inflammation. These effects improve the bowel environment, mucosal barrier, colon, and crypt disruption, reduce ulceration and microbial translocation, and consequently, reduce the disease activity index (DAI). Moreover, the modulation of Nrf2 can regulate various genes involved in cellular redox, protein degradation, DNA repair, xenobiotic metabolism, and apoptosis, contributing to the prevention of colorectal cancer.

Ongoing research explores the underlying causes of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Many experts suggest that dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and genetic, immunological, and environmental factors play significant roles. The term “microbiota” pertains to the collective community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, with a particular emphasis on the colon. When there is an imbalance or disruption in the composition of the gut microbiota, it is referred to as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can trigger inflammation in the intestinal cells and disrupt the innate immune system, leading to oxidative stress, redox signaling, electrophilic stress, and inflammation. The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator found in immunological and epithelial cells, is crucial in inducing inflammatory diseases, promoting immune responses to the gut microbiota, and regulating the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Its downstream effectors include caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β. The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of 13 medicinal plants, such as Litsea cubeba, Artemisia anomala, Piper nigrum, Morus macroura, and Agrimonia pilosa, and 29 phytocompounds such as artemisitene, morroniside, protopine, ferulic acid, quercetin, picroside II, and hydroxytyrosol on in vitro and in vivo models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a focus on their effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. The observed effects of these treatments included reductions in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and caspase levels, and increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, IL-4, and IL-10, as well as regulation of gut microbiota. These effects could potentially provide substantial advantages in treating IBD with few or no adverse effects as caused by synthetic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulated drugs. However, additional research is necessary to validate these findings clinically and to develop effective treatments that can benefit individuals who suffer from these diseases.

O uso de substâncias psicoestimulantes com o intuito de aumentar a capacidade cognitiva é uma realidade que vem causando preocupação no universo acadêmico. O acesso legal a estes medicamentos é restrito, e somente um médico psiquiatra ou neurologista está apto a receitá-los ao paciente acometido, normalmente, por Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), sendo as substâncias mais utilizadas o metilfenidato e o

Insulin resistance (IR) is considered cardinal to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Previously, several simple indexes of IR calculated from biochemical and anthropometric variables have been proposed. However, these indexes are population-dependent; therefore, further studies on a global scale are necessary. The present study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of eight IR indicators, namely, METS-IR, TG-HDL-c, TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-NC, TyG-NHtR, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR, in indicating MetS among a Brazilian population. For this, 268 patients (152 men and 116 women, 53–59 years of age) were included in the study, out of which 111 were diagnosed with MetS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). All indexes achieved significant accuracy, with TyG-WC (0.849 (0.800–0.889)), TyG (0.837 (0.787–0.879)), and TG-HDL-c (0.817 (0.765–0.861)) having the highest area under the curve (AUC). Further, the most heightened diagnostic sensitivities were observed for TG-HDL-c (90.99%), TyG-WC (89.19%), and TyG-NC (84.68%), whereas the highest diagnostic specificities were noted for TyG (73.89%), TyG-WHtR (72.61%), and TyG-WC (66.88%). Thus, TyG-WC, TyG, and TG-HDL-c reached the greatest AUC values in our analyses, making them useful diagnostic indicators of MetS, and crucial for patients’ clinical management.

Considera-se violência, todas as situações que envolvam abuso ou agressão, sem a necessidade de haver qualquer contato físico. Os tipos de agressão mais comuns são: física, psicológica, sexual e negligência ou abandono; esta última, no entanto, ocorre com maior frequência entre crianças e idosos. Pesquisas na área da psicopatologia desenvolvimental, podem explicar o desencadeamento destes transtornos em pessoas em situação de violência doméstica. Por conseguinte, identificando a violência doméstica como um grave problema de saúde pública, principalmente com o agravamento desta situação no cenário de pandemia por Covid-19, a Atenção Básica, por meio da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), atua no cuidado integral destes pacientes, porém ainda há dificuldades a serem superadas. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da saúde (LILACS) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), utilizando os descritores: “violência doméstica”, “saúde mental” e “saúde da família”. Foram selecionados os artigos pertinentes a temática e, excluídos os não abordavam o interesse da pesquisa. Com a pandemia por Covid-19, houve uma maior contenção da população em suas residências, fazendo com que as pessoas permanecessem por mais tempo juntas, aumentando o índice de violência doméstica e acarretando também problemas a nível de saúde mental. Com isso, se faz necessário que os planos de combate a violência doméstica sejam amplamente explorados e trabalhados para além de um cenário pandêmico, sendo eles macroestruturais, comunitários, relacionais e individuais, devido à questão de violência doméstica ser muitas vezes negligenciadas na prática da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Observa-se a necessidade de que os planos de combate à violência doméstica que já existem sejam aplicados e cabe principalmente à ESF traçar novos planos em caráter progressivo, buscando dessa forma o combate a violência doméstica de forma eficaz, já que o exílio instaurado apenas refletiu e intensificou uma realidade já existente.

The Covid-19 pandemic, declared on March 11, 2020 by the World Health Organization, has brought a series of worldwide socioeconomic and demographic repercussions. Therefore, several studies have emerged to understand its mechanism of action, its clinical findings and sequelae during and after the disease period. As with viral conditions in general, the most common symptoms found so far are fever, cough, nasal congestion, fatigue, which can progress to more severe inflammatory conditions, such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even coursing with peculiarities known as anosmia and ageusia, the loss or alteration of smell and taste, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 virus entry mechanism leads to a pro-inflammatory environment. Therefore, this viral artifice can disturb the functions of the olfactory and gustatory receptors, since these impulses added to the somatosensory factor are directly linked to the gustatory sensation to be more effective, bringing with it the symptom of anosmia and ageusia. As these symptoms are poorly studied at qualitative and quantitative levels and generate a lot of discomfort in affected individuals, this present study aims to investigate the incidence and characteristics of these conditions for a better understanding of this topic. After authorization through the Certificate of Ethical Appreciation Presentation number 52262821.9.0000.5496, an online questionnaire was carried out through the Google Forms platform, together with the consent form, which reached a total of 101 individuals affected by Covid-19 as of 2020. The results showed that 75.2% of those affected by Covid-19 had anosmia/ageusia, 87% had both symptoms at the same time and there are reports of their spread to the present day. Finally, this work tends to contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of this condition in patients affected by

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