Discovering the quality of the environment is essential because it directly affects health status and plays a significant role in the quality of life and public health. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental quality affecting by human-made sources in Duhok province using GIS. Based on the human-made sources affecting the quality of the environment, including population density, solid waste generation, and industrial density, the state of the environment was evaluated in the study area. The overall result indicated that about 85% of the study area has a moderate to high-quality state, while low and very low contributed to 13% and 1%, respectively. The integrated analysis of the environmental quality in Duhok province would increase the protection of the ecological environment and help the regional sustainable development and improvement of the built environment.
The physical and spatial expansion of cities, which often taken place without planning, caused numerous environmental, health, economic and social problems. This study investigates the physical, spatial, and demographic development and expansion of Ilam city in Iran for over 60 years. To achieve these goals, library studies, data analysis, and field studies were applied. The process of development in Ilam and its demographic changes from 1956 to 2016 has been presented, and then, the spatial-physical expansion of the city is evaluated. The results showed that several factors had impacted the physical development and expansion of Ilam. The highest growth was observed between 1976 and 1986. Also, the development of the city has been more horizontal. The study results show the correlation, intensity, extension, and mechanism of conversion and land-use change in Ilam city and embody its spatial-physical expansion.
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