The present study investigated diurnal or daily activity patterns of an individual captive lion (Panthera leo) in Siantar Zoo, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Behavioral observations of 70 hours in 10-days observation were analyzed descriptively for common Felidae behaviors identified using a standardized Felidae ethogram. The methodology used was focal animal sampling with continuous sampling of data record or 5-minute sampling periods. We reported that the captive lion allocated the most time budgets in inactive behavior or sleeping with the percentage of 62.88% or 2,604 minutes. Incidence of pacing as stereotypic behavior was documented in low percentage or 4.46% within the duration of or 189 minutes in our study. The dominant sleeping behavior may be considered as normal to captive Felidae in many zoos while some consideration upon their effect to visitor may be evaluated in the future study. Dynamic condition of display cage may be enriched to trigger better behavior related to welfare implications on the captive lion.
The present study investigates the feeding management and health condition of elephants through a descriptive and field observation approach by interviewing the mahouts and clinical workers in Tangkahan CRU, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. The ex-situ conservation unit promoted two feeding strategies namely the natural or grazing activity in the forest and additional feed (food stocks) collected or purchased by the workers in the form of coconut fronds, elephant grasses, bananas, watermelons, and etc. In addition to the collected fruits or crops, the CRU workers also prepared concentrates or pudding made from a mixture of palatable crops including rice, sticky rice, green beans, sugars to increase the food supply for the elephants. The clinical workers in the form of Vesswic is a team of veterinarians, paramedics and administrative personnel who focus on animal health including the Sumatran elephants. The Tangkahan CRU was then proven to promote the welfare of elephants through a series of effective feeding and health management.
As one of the four largest insect orders, Hymenoptera are important pollinators, parasitoids, and predators in the agricultural sector. The objective of this research was to study the diversity and abundance of hymenoptera in the Forest Area with Special Purpose/KHDTK Aek Nauli, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The insect sampling was conducted during the day and night using yellow and light trap technique. The results obtained a total of 13 species of Hymenoptera consisting of 45 ind. The relative abundance was recorded from 2.22 to 22.22 with the highest abundance from Vespula sp (Vespidae) and Sceliphron curvatum (Spechidae). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) of Hymenoptera species was documented from Brachymyrmex sp. (Formicidae) at 115.56 and Polybia fastidiosuscula (Vespidae) at 106.67. The Shannon’s diversity (H’) of Hymenoptera ranged between 0.89 and 1.83 among sites or categorized as low-to-medium level of biodiversity with an evenness index (E) from 0.64 to 1.00. This finding may be noted as our first attempt in documenting the beta diversity of insects in the forest region.
Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is a social animal living in groups. A group of elephant is called herd consists of male, female, allomother and calf. Non-parenting females are called allomother with the role of maintaining calves from other females. In daily activity, allomother may also display a typical infant handling which is valuable for studying interaction between them. This study will describe the daily activity of elephant allomother in Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU) Area, Langkat, North Sumatera. Methodology used was focal animal sampling with continuous sampling of data record. Object in this study were two allomothers, namely Ardana and Sari with three calves, namely Christopher, Albertina and Eropa. Daily activities of allomothers were recorded as Defecating (DF), Urinating (UR), Mudding (MU), Resting (RE), Mating (MT), Salting (ST), Feeding (FE), Parenting (PR), Drinking (DR) and Walking (WK). We recorded 19,569 sample points from allomother daily activities with Ardana having 10,838 points and Sari having 8,821 points. The longest duration of activity recorded were: Parenting (PR) with 5,807.13 min, Walking (WK) with 5,695.50 min and Feeding (FE) with 3,842.71 min. The shortest duration recorded was Mating (MT) with only 18.96 min while remaining activities lasting between 346.25 to 614.63 min. Duration of daily activities is directly proportional to the percentage of frequency performed by allomothers.
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