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A novel explicit-pulsed dual-edge triggered sense-amplifier flip-flop (DET-SAFF) for low-power and high-performance applications is presented in this paper. By incorporating the dual-edge triggering mechanism in the new fast latch and employing conditional precharging, the DET-SAFF is able to achieve low-power consumption that has small delay. To further reduce the power consumption at low switching activities, a clock-gated sense-amplifier (CG-SAFF) is engaged. Extensive post-layout simulations proved that the proposed DET-SAFF exhibits both the low-power and high-speed properties, with delay and power reduction of up to 43.3% and 33.5% of those of the prior art, respectively. When the switching activity is less than 0.5, the proposed CG-SAFF demonstrates its superiority in terms of power reduction. During zero input switching activity, CG-SAFF can realize up to 86% in power saving. Lastly, a modification to the proposed circuit has led to an improved common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) DET-SAFF.

We review the burgeoning sustainable finance literature, emphasizing the value implications of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) and CSR (corporate social responsibility) practices. We use a discounted cash flow valuation framework to identify value drivers through which such practices can enhance firm value. Collectively, empirical evidence supports that they increase firm value by motivating employees, strengthening customer-supplier relationships, boosting long-term growth, increasing dividends, and reducing financing costs. Furthermore, more socially responsible firms deliver no higher excess stock returns in the long run. Green bonds neither provide issuers with a price premium nor make investors sacrifice on lower returns. Socially responsible investing (SRI) funds generate no higher riskadjusted long-term returns than non-SRI funds. Finally, we briefly suggest several topics for future research on sustainable finance.

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